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Non-Invasive Diseases
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Diseases
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Description
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Symptoms
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| Pharyngitis |
Benign local throat infection. Common manifestation of GAS infection. Arises from complex host-pathogen interaction. |
Sore throat, high fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, tonsil exudates, raised peripheral white cell count. |
| Tonsillitis |
Benign local tonsil infection. |
White/yellow spots on tonsils, sore throat, swollen jaw lymph glands, fever, bad breath. |
| Impetigo/Pyoderma |
Benign local skin infection. Common in childhood. Arises from complex host-pathogen interaction. |
Superficial, non-follicular, crusted lesion on the face and other exposed body parts. |
| Scarlet fever |
Disease that can follow an episode of GAS-mediated pharyngitis. Commonly occurs in children. |
Diffuse blanching rash on chest to abdomen, sandpaper-like texture to the skin. |
| Otitis media |
Infection in the middle ear. |
Otalgia, otorrhea, headache, fever, appetite loss, vomiting, diarrhoea, hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo. |
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Invasive Diseases
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Diseases
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Description
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Symptoms
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| Cellulitis |
Painful skin infection on deeper subcutaneous tissue. Frequent manifestation of invasive GAS. Incidence increases with age. |
Fever, systemic toxicity, inflammation of the skin. |
| Pneumonia |
Infection of the lung. |
Difficulty in breathing, fever, appetite loss, abdominal pain, headache, chest pain, cough, cyanosis. |
| Necrotising fasciitis (flesh eating bacteria) |
Rapidly progressing skin infection that causes a destruction of subcutaneous fat, tissue and muscle. |
Fever, spared overlying skin, severe pain, violaceous, bullae and slough skin, shock, multi-organ failure. |
| Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) |
Associated with GAS necrotising fasciitis. |
High fever, hypotension, rash, coagulopathy, respiratory distress syndrome, renal failure, hepatic impairment, multi-organ failure. |
| Erysipelas |
Painful skin infection. Frequent manifestation of invasive GAS. Incidence increases with age. |
Fever, systemic toxicity, clear demarcated red inflammation, formation of superficial bullae. |
| Meningitis |
Inflammation of the meninges. GAS is an uncommon cause of meningitis. |
Fever, headache, stiff/sore neck, vomiting, appetite loss, tiredness, drowsiness, irritability. |
| Bacteraemia/septicaemia |
Blood poisoning due to the presence of bacteria/toxin in the blood. |
Sudden high fever with chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, confusion, anxiety, tachycardia. |
| Lymphangitis |
Infection of draining lymphatic tracts. |
Tender linear streak extending from the site of infection. |
| Septic arthritis |
Painful infection of the joint following episode of GAS-mediated pharyngitis. |
Fever, enlarged joints. |
| Puerperal sepsis |
Infection resulting from the birthing process. Frequent cause of death in the pre-antibiotic era. |
Postpartum endometritis, peritonitis, septic, thrombophlebitis/bacteraemia without focus, fever for 24 h or recurring after childbirth/abortion. |
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Post-Infectious Diseases
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Diseases
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Description
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Symptoms
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| Rheumatic fever (RF) |
Inflammatory disease caused by cross-reactive antibodies induced after GAS infection. |
The combination of fever, polyarthritis/arthralgia, carditis, erythema marginatum, chorea, subcutaneous nodules, and mitral/aortic valve damage. Can turn into RHD. |
| Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) |
Inflammation caused by cross-reactive antibodies induced after GAS infection leading to permanent damage to heart tissue and valves. |
Tissue inflammation that results in carditis, valvulitis, arthritis, chorea, erythema marginatum and/or subcutaneous nodules. |
| Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) |
Inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidney caused by a build-up of immune complexes induced by GAS infection. Follows an episode of GAS-mediated pharyngitis/pyoderma. |
Rapid onset of gross/microscopic haematuria oedema, hypertension, and encephalopathy. |
| Post-streptococcal reactive arthritis |
Syndrome of polyarthritis that differs from acute RF/carditis. |
Range of smaller joints unreactive to anti-inflammatory treatment. |
| Paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with GAS infection (PANDAS) |
Cross-reactive antibodies induced after GAS infection that interferes with basal ganglia function causing symptoms of exacerbation in children. The existence of this disease is controversial. |
Children with tie/obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) worsened/developed after GAS infection. |
