Table 2.
Multivalent vaccines derived from the N-terminus of GAS M proteins in advanced preclinical and clinical trials.
| Name | Stage of Development | Comments | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preclinical | Phase 1 | Phase 2 | |||
| 6-valent vaccine | 9 white rabbits IM injection | 28 healthy adults | NI | Tolerable. No human tissue cross-reactivity. No clinical complications. Limited by small-scale trials. |
[70,71] |
| 26-valent vaccine | 3 white rabbits IM injection | 30 healthy adults IM injection | 90 healthy adults IM injection | No evidence of RF or human tissue cross-reactivity. Highly immunogenic No control group was set. |
[67,72,73] |
| 30-valent vaccine | 12 white rabbits IM injection | NI | NI | Highly immunogenic. Potential efficacy against non-vaccine-targeted GAS serotypes |
[68,74] |
| 5-valent E4 vaccine | 3 white rabbits IM injection | NI | NI | Highly immunogenic. Potential to provide broad protection against GAS |
[75] |
NI: No further information is available; IM: intramuscular.