Table 3.
Multivariate logistic regression model analysis of variables associated with S. haematobium and S. mansoni infection among schoolchildren non-adjusted and adjusted for sociodemographic factors, socioeconomic status, and environmental factors.
| Characteristics | S. haematobium | S. mansoni | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Positive | Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Total | Positive | Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||||||
| School locations | ||||||||
| Agboville | 402 | 36 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 402 | 45 | 0.04 (0.01–0.28) | 1.88 (0.02–2.20) |
| Adzopé | 208 | 22 | 1.20 (0.69–2.10) | 1.72 (0.25–11.61) | 208 | 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Duekoué | 372 | 35 | 1.06 (0.65–1.72) | 0.67 (0.10–4.37) | 274 | 20 | 0.62 (0.36–1.08) | 1.66 (0.54–5.10) |
| Sikensi | 205 | 73 | 5.62 (3.60–8.78)* | 4.43 (0.10–198.43) | 205 | 0 | – | – |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Girl | 460 | 63 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 408 | 27 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Boy | 727 | 103 | 1.04 (0.74–1.46) | 0.92 (0.32–2.68) | 681 | 39 | 0.86 (0.52–1.42) | 0.98 (0.52–1.82) |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 5–8 | 357 | 60 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 307 | 15 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 9–11 | 479 | 65 | 0.78 (0.53–1.14) | 0.15 (0.02–0.99) | 443 | 24 | 1.11 (0.58–2.16) | 0.37 (0.10–1.35) |
| 12–14 | 351 | 41 | 0.65 (0.42–1.00) | 0.28 (0.03–2.80) | 339 | 27 | 1.68 (0.88–3.23) | 0.23 (0.05–1.09) |
| Socioeconomic factors | ||||||||
| Father’s education | ||||||||
| Illiterate | 710 | 104 | 1.30 (0.69–2.46) | 1.20 (0.05–28.41) | 620 | 57 | 3.34 (1.03–10.88)* | – |
| Primary school | 101 | 12 | 1.02 (0.44–2.40) | 1.15 (0.01–25.70) | 101 | 0 | – | – |
| Secondary school | 104 | 12 | 0.99 (0.42–2.32) | 0.45 (0.01–6.46) | 104 | 1 | 0.32 (0.03–3.13) | – |
| Expert level | 103 | 12 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 102 | 3 | 1.00 | – |
| Mother’s education | ||||||||
| Illiterate | 856 | 139 | 3.39 (0.46–26.35) | 3.18 (0.03–26.50) | 767 | 58 | 11.54 (1.58–83.96)* | – |
| Primary school | 142 | 17 | 2.45 (0.31–19.53) | 3.98 (0.04–38.00) | 142 | 1 | 0.42 (0.10–4.54) | – |
| Secondary school | 51 | 5 | 1.96 (0.21–17.93) | 0.34 (0.04–28.20) | 53 | 0 | – | – |
| Expert level | 19 | 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 18 | 1 | 1.00 | – |
| Father’s occupation | ||||||||
| Farmer | 735 | 123 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 694 | 48 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Fisherman | 152 | 20 | 0.75 (0.45–1.25) | 2.26 (0.57–9.00) | 105 | 6 | 0.82 (0.34–1.96) | 0.72 (0.17–3.07) |
| Official | 269 | 21 | 0.42 (0.26–0.68) | 0.23 (0.01–3.56) | 265 | 10 | 0.53 (0.26–1.06) | 1.08 (0.33–3.51) |
| Mother’s occupation | ||||||||
| Farmer | 617 | 115 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 551 | 42 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Householder | 520 | 49 | 0.45 (0.32–0.65) | 1.13 (0.32–4.05) | 495 | 23 | 0.59 (0.35–1.00) | 1.13 (0.42–3.01) |
| Official | 22 | 1 | 0.21 (0.03–1.56) | 0.63 (0.10–9.90) | 21 | 0 | – | – |
| Environmental factors | ||||||||
| Using tap water | ||||||||
| Yes | 539 | 74 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 447 | 17 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 618 | 91 | 1.08 (0.78–1.51) | 0.55 (0.14–2.17) | 616 | 49 | 2.19 (1.24–3.85) | 2.65 (1.22–5.79)* |
| Swimming | ||||||||
| No | 922 | 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 879 | 63 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 265 | 165 | 152 (21–1097) | 127 (25–634)* | 210 | 3 | 0.18 (0.06–0.60) | 0.35 (0.09–1.40) |
| Washing clothes | ||||||||
| No | 118 | 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 917 | 38 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1069 | 162 | 0.20 (0.07–0.54) | 0.70 (0.10–82.0) | 118 | 28 | 7.64 (4.48–13.02) | 5.26 (2.28–12.10)* |
| Fishing | ||||||||
| No | 386 | 40 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 338 | 9 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 801 | 126 | 1.61 (1.11–2.36) | 74.0 (3.8–144.3)* | 751 | 57 | 3.00 (1.47–6.14) | 1.88 (0.34–10.33) |
| Playing | ||||||||
| No | 493 | 55 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 432 | 12 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 694 | 111 | 1.52 (1.07–2.14) | 1.98 (0.09–45.32) | 657 | 54 | 3.13 (1.66–5.93) | 0.61 (0.11–3.25) |
* p-value < 0.05, p-value obtained from a mixed logistic regression model with fixed effects for the prevalence of S. haematobium or S. mansoni and each variable in the table.