Table 1.

Results for study 1 to 3

	Specific	Generic	P	d
Study 1—Human category; mixed properties
Kind	3.11*	4.26†	<0.001	1.09
Essence	2.87*	3.23*	0.032	0.37
Study 2—Human category; cultural properties
Kind	3.24‡	4.32†	<0.001	1.18
Essence	2.82*	2.51*	0.140	−0.30
Study 2—Human category; biological properties
Kind	3.14*	4.16†	<0.001	1.16
Essence	2.97*	3.72‡	<0.001	0.70
Study 3—Animal category; neutral properties
Kind	4.40†	4.80†	0.011	0.52
Essence	3.84†	4.07†	0.225	0.25
Study 3—Artifact category; neutral properties
Kind	4.55†	4.92†	0.049	0.42
Essence	3.08*	3.25*	0.320	0.21
Study 3—Human category; neutral properties
Kind	3.63‡	4.58†	0.001	1.14
Essence	3.07*	3.46‡	0.099	0.37

Generic vs. specific contrasts: P value and Cohen’s d.

^*Comparison to chance: below midpoint.

^†Comparison to chance: above midpoint.

^‡Comparison to chance: midpoint.