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. 2019 Aug 22;7(3):95. doi: 10.3390/vaccines7030095

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Kaplan–Meier plot showing protection of vaccinated hamsters against challenge by live Leptospira. The hamsters were immunized with the various vaccine formulations shown in Table S3. Each vaccinated hamster was challenged intraperitoneally by 20× LD₅₀ of low passage leptospires. Their survival was monitored daily until the end point of 28 days. The percentage of hamster survival was calculated as the number of survivors divided by the total number of animals challenged. Statistical values of survival rate between adjuvant control group and other vaccination groups were analyzed by log-rank test. Vaccination was with LMQ = phosphate buffered saline and LMQ (a combination of neutral liposome, monophosphoryl lipid A, and Quillaja saponaria fraction 21); HK = Heat-killed whole cell vaccine; LigAc, LenA, LcpA or Lsa23 = LigAc, LenA, LcpA, or Lsa23 mono recombinant factor H binding protein (FHBP) and LMQ; 4Ags = multiple recombinant FHBPs (LigAc + LenA + LcpA + Lsa23) and LMQ.