Table 1.
Summary of the representative studies discussed in this review.
| Formulation Material | Experimental Nucleic Acids | Experimental Cell Type | Size (nm) | Surface Charge (mV) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lipid | |||||
| DOTAP/DOPE/cholesterol | siRNA | BSC-40; 293FT; HeLa cells |
100–200 | N/A | [92] |
| DOTAP/DOPE/cholesterol; PEI |
siRNA | HeLa cells | 468 ± 19; 209 ± 17 |
N/A | [93] |
| DC-Cholesterol/DOPE | pDNA: luciferase | CHO cells | 60–70 | 58.4–64.7 | [94] |
| DC-cholesterol/DOPE;DOPC/DOTAP; DC-cholesterol/DOPE/DOTAP/DOPC |
pDNA: luciferase | NIH 3T3 cells | 180 ± 2; 234 ± 4; 205 ± 2 |
48.3 ± 1.2; 43.3 ± 1.5; 46.7 ± 1.2 |
[96] |
| Lipofectamine Plus | pDNA: luciferase | A549 cells | N/A | N/A | [95] |
| Polymer | |||||
| PEI (disulfide cross-linked) | pDNA: luciferase | HEK293 T; HeLa cells |
~200 | ~20 | [52] |
| POCG-PEG-PEI polymer | DNA; siRNA; miRNA |
MCF-7; C2C12 |
151; 172; 245 | ~30 | [54] |
| MPC/Ad-SS-PEG | pDNA: GFP | Hep G2 cells; HeLa cells; SKOV-3 cells; PC-3 cells |
100–200 | 0.5–5 | [55] |
| PEG-PEI (1.8 kDa) (PEI amines are modified with aromatic rings) |
pDNA: luciferase mRNA: luciferase siRNA: anti-luciferase |
HeLa cells; U87 cells |
180–240 | N/A | [58] |
| PEI-stearic acid copolymer | mRNA: ACRA mRNA: HIV-1 gag antigen | DC 2.4 cells | 117.77 ± 3.894 | N/A | [59] |
| Folic acid-PEI; transferrin-PEI |
pDNA: luciferase | HeLa cells | N/A | N/A | [97] |
| mPEG-PCL; R-PEG-PCL; RRRR-PEG-PCL; RRRRRRRR-PEG-PCL |
N/A | HeLa cells | 80–110 | 20–40 | [98] |
| EGF-PEG-PEI | DNA | HuH7 cells | 266 ± 26 | N/A | [99] |
| Peptide/protein | |||||
| RALA (WEARLARALARALARHLARALARALRACEA) | mRNA: GFP mRNA: ovalbumin |
DC2.4 cells | 89(N/P 5); 91(N/P 10) |
14.6(N/P 5); 26.3(N/P 10) |
[65] |
| MPG-8-cholesterol (MPG-8: β-AFLGWLGAWGTMGWSPKKKRK-Cya) |
siRNA: Cyc-B1 | HS68; HeLa; PC-3; MCF-7; SCK3-Her2 cells |
120 ± 50 | 16 ± 3 | [68] |
| (CRR)2KRRC and (CHH)2KHHC cross-linked peptide | pDNA: p53 | NIH3T3 cells; HeLa cells |
~164; ~172 |
~30; ~20 |
[69] |
| Virus-like particle (VLP) (Vesicular stomatitis virus and Archeoglobus fulgidus-based) |
mRNA: GFP | HEK293T cells; THP-1 cells; Human iPS cells |
N/A | N/A | [76] |
| VLP (neurotropic JC polyomavirus: JCPyV)) |
pDNA: suicide gene (HSV-TK) | U87-MG cells | N/A | N/A | [77] |
| VLP (JCPyV)) |
pDNA: suicide gene (HSV-TK) | Toledo and HT cells; SU-DHL-2 cells |
N/A | N/A | [78] |
| VLP (JCPyV)) |
pDNA: suicide gene (pSPB-tk) | A549 cell; H460 cell |
N/A | N/A | [79] |
| VLP (JCPyV)) |
pDNA: suicide gene, (HSV-TK) | COLO-320 HSR cell | N/A | N/A | [80] |
| Self-assembled peptide: K3C6SPD (KKKC6-WLVFFAQQ-GSPD) | pDNA: GFP | Hek293 cells | ~70 | 25 | [81,82] |
| K12-(GAGAGAGQ)10-407-amino-acid hydrophilic random coil | mRNA: GFP and luciferase; pDNA: YFP |
Hek293 cells; HeLa cells |
~150 (average length) | -5 | [75,83] |
| Spermine-Coiled-coil peptide-PEG (Coiled coil peptide: REGVAKALRAVANALHYNASALEEVADALQKVKM) |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [84] |
| Glucose-GSGSGSKKKKKKKKGGSGGSWKWEWKWEWKWEWG | siRNA: GFP | HeLa cells | ~70 | ~0 | [85] |
| CPP-based polyplexes shelled with polysaccharide (CPP: RRRRRRRR) |
pDNA: luciferase | HEK293 T; Cos7 cells |
Able to be modified | Able to be modified | [100] |
Abbreviations: DOTAP: 1,2-dioleoyl-3trimethylammonium-propane; DOPE: dioleoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine; DC-cholesterol: 3β-[N-(dimethylaminoethane)carbamoyl] cholesterol; DOPC: 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine; POCG-PEI: poly(1,8-octanedio-citric acid)-co-polyethylene glycol grafted with polyethyleneimine; PEG: polyethylene glycol; PEI: polyethylenimine; MPC: β-cyclodextrin-cross-linked low molecular PEI conjugated with MC11 peptide (MQLPLATGGGC); Ad-SS-PEG: PEG and adamantyl group linked by a disulfide bond; mPEG-PCL: methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)–poly(caprolactone); EGF: epidermal growth factor; VLP: virus-like particle; JCPyV: neurotropic JC polyomavirus; GFP: green fluorescence protein; YFP: yellow fluorescence protein; HSV-TK: herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase type 1 gene; ARCA: anti-reverse cap analogue; Cyc-B1: cyclin B1; CHO cells: Chinese hamster ovary cell line; SKOV-3 cells: ovarian cancer cell line; PC3 cells: human prostate cancer cell line; U87 cells: human primary glioblastoma cell line; DC 2.4 cells: mouse dendritic cells; HuH7 cells: hepatocyte-derived carcinoma cell line; THP-1: human monocytic cell line; iPS cells: induced pluripotent stem cells; U-87 MG: uppsala 87 malignant glioma; DLBCL: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; ABC-like DLBCL: activated B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; MCF-7: Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (breast cancer cell); COS-7 cells: monkey kidney fibroblast-like cell; HEK293 cells: human embryonic kidney 293 cells; BSC-40: continuous line of African green monkey cells derived from BSC-1 cells (kidney cells); NIH 3T3 cells: mouse embryonic fibroblast cells; A549 cells: adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells. COLO-320 HSR: Human colon carcinoma cells.