TABLE III.

Five-Year Hazard Ratio of All-Cause Mortality Among Tracheal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients According to Treatment Modality by Localized and Advanced Staging.

Characteristic	Localized (n = 248)		Regional Extension (n = 222)
	Adjusted Cox HR* (95% CI)	P Value	Adjusted Cox HR* (95% CI)	P Value
Treatment modality
No treatment	1.00 (Ref)		1.00 (Ref)
Limited surgery	0.56 (0.29–1.07)	0.08	0.82 (0.38–1.78)	0.62
Curative surgery	0.38 (0.18–0.79)	0.01	0.35 (0.17–0.76)	0.01
Limited surgery + AT	0.53 (0.28–1.02)	0.06	0.38 (0.21 −0.7)	<0.01
Cur surgery + AT	0.39 (0.17–0.86)	0.02	0.32 (0.16–0.66)	<0.01
RT	0.72 (0.39–1.33)	0.29	0.48(0.29–0.81)	0.01
CRT	0.55 (0.3–1.00)	0.05	0.34 (0.21 −0.56)	<0.01

^*Adjusted for sex, age, insurance type, comorbidities, treatment facility type, and palliative treatment.

CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio.