Table 3.

Effect sizes (Cohen’s d) for a variety of measures

	Measure	Baseline		Final		Effect size	P
		Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Pitch and loudness	fo (Hz) - reading	183.49	5.84	134.04	0.83	−11.86	<0.001
	foSD (Hz) - reading	21.34	2.95	15.92	1.44	−2.34	0.046
	fo (ST) - reading	−0.74	0.58	−6.17	0.11	−13.03	<0.001
	foSD (ST) - reading	1.94	0.31	2.01	0.20	0.28	0.75
	Minimum pitch (Hz)	149	8.56	114	5.40	−4.86	0.004
	Maximum pitch (Hz)	1294	20.9	848	37.65	−14.66	<0.001
	Phonatory frequency range (ST)	37.46	1.27	34.73	1.42	−2.03	0.07
	Loudness (dB SPL)	74.64	1.48	75.08	0.80	0.37	0.67
	Loudness variability (dB SPL)	12.23	2.07	10.41	1.49	−1.01	0.28
Physiological	4th Formant location (Hz)	3694	33.3	3554	13.2	−5.52	0.002
	Vocal tract length (cm)	16.3	0.14	16.9	0.06	5.74	0.002
	Subglottal pressure (cm H2O)	8.17	0.98	7.23	0.89	−1.01	0.28
	Phonation threshold pressure (cm H2O)	4.66	0.23	3.37	0.15	−6.60	<0.001
	VALI AP Compression	1.00	0.00	0.67	0.58	−0.82	0.37
	VALI Glottal closure	2.33	0.58	1.67	0.58	−1.15	0.23
	VALI Phase closure	0.80	0.18	1.19	0.10	2.74	0.03
	VALI Regularity	96.67	5.77	100.00	0.00	0.82	0.37
Voice quality	CAPE-V Overall Severity (%)	3.70	0.99	1.04	0.44	−3.49	0.01
	CAPE-V Roughness (%)	1.23	2.14	1.23	0.33	0	1
	CAPE-V Breathiness (%)	3.32	1.15	0.00	0.00	−4.08	0.007
	CAPE-V Strain (%)	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0	1
	CPP (dB) - reading	8.03	0.44	8.75	0.29	1.91	0.08
	LH (dB)	35.65	0.66	29.38	1.40	−5.71	0.002
	Airflow (L/s)	0.21	0.01	0.23	0.01	1.64	0.11
	Jitter (ppq5) %	0.16	0.04	0.22	0.01	2.17	0.06
	Shimmer (apq5) %	1.46	0.31	3.30	0.35	5.60	0.002
	Harmonics-to-noise ratio (dB)	23.46	0.88	16.57	0.63	−8.97	<0.001
	Perception of gender rating (100 = definitely female; 0 = definitely male)	96.2	1.24	30.03	2.83	−30.27	<0.001

Baseline values are over first three timepoints; final are over final three timepoints. Effect sizes are Cohen’s d between baseline and final sessions; p values are derived from two-sample t-tests over these six total timepoints (p < .05 are in bold).