Table 1.
Reported Cases of Invasive Ureaplasma spp. Infection, Outside of Chorioamnionitis, Urethritis, Surgical Site Infections, and Transplant Recipients, 1989–2019
| Author (Year) | Case Presentation | Microorganism/Method of Diagnosis | Antimicrobial Treatment | Outcome | Risk Factors | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Rouard (2019) [2] | 88M prosthetic hip infection | U. urealyticum/16S rRNA PCR and culture | None | Died of multiple comorbidities | No known immunocompromising conditions |
| 2 | Gassiep (2017) [3] | 51F hip septic arthritis, necrotizing soft tissue infection | U. urealyticum/16S rRNA PCR | Moxifloxacin | Improved | Mantle cell lymphoma; rituximab + hyper-CVAD, hypogammaglobulinemia |
| 3 | Korytny (2017) [4] | 56M shoulder septic arthritis, orchitis, endocarditis | U. parvum/16S rRNA PCR (on joint fluid and on aortic valve) | Doxycycline | Improved | CNS lymphoma with chemotherapy (regimen not reported) |
| 4 | Roerdink (2016) [5] | 69F bilateral prosthetic knee infection | U. urealyticum/16S rRNA PCR | Moxifloxacin + doxycycline | Improved | Hodgkin's lymphoma/R-CHOP |
| 5 | George (2015) [6] | 21F native knee and prosthetic hip infection | Ureaplasma spp./16S rRNA PCR | Azithromycin | Improved | JIA on rituximab |
| 6 | Balsat (2014) [7] | 18F polyarthritis | U. urealyticum/ PCR/ESI-MS | Levofloxacin + doxycycline | Improved | ALL on vincristine, steroids, daunorubicin, L-asparaginase, 1 dose tocilizumab |
| 7 | Farrell (2014) [8] | 75M prosthetic knee infection | U. parvum/PCR/ESI-MS | Doxycycline | Improved | No known immunocompromising conditions, colon adenocarcinoma, nephrolithiasis |
| 8 | Deetjen (2014) [9] | 20 (gender not specified) brain abscess | U. urealyticum/16S rRNA PCR | Doxycycline + clarithromycin | Improved | Burkitt's lymphoma, rituximab |
| 9 | Yazdani (2012) [10] | 68F pyelonephritis, perinephric abscess, psoas abscess | U. urealyticum/PCR (further tests not specified) | Vancomycin + levofloxacin | Improved | Mantle cell lymphoma, rituximab |
| 10 | Goulenok (2011) [11] | 24M shoulder septic arthritis | U. urealyticum/culture | Doxycycline | Improved | SLE, rituximab |
| 11 | Sköldenberg (2010) [12] | 74F prosthetic hip infection | U. urealyticum/culture | Doxycycline | Improved | No known immunocompromising conditions |
| 12 | MacKenzie (2010) [13] | 54M polyarthritis, prosthetic hip infection | U. parvum and Mycoplasma hominis/16S rRNA | Moxifloxacin | Died (septic shock; other nosocomial infection suspected) | NHL, rituximab, hypogammaglobulinemia |
| 13 | Tarrant (2009) [14] | 100F spontaneous pericarditis, tamponade | Ureaplasma spp./culture | Doxycycline | Improved | No known immunocompromising conditions except age |
| 14 | Fenollar (2003) [15] | 57F prosthetic valve endocarditis | U. parvum/16S rRNA PCR | None | Died (heart failure) | No known immunocompromising conditions |
| 15 | Heilmann (2001) [16] | 25M polyarthritis | U. urealyticum/culture | Doxycycline + ciprofloxacin + valneumulin (not available in US) | Died (pneumonia) | CVID, hypogammaglobulinemia |
| 16 | Heilmann (2001) [16] | 34F prosthetic knee septic arthritis | U. urealyticum/culture | Doxycycline + valneumulin | Improved | CVID, hypogammaglobulinemia |
| 17 | Lapusan (2001) [17] | 38M septic arthritis, pneumonia, empyema | U. urealyticum/culture | Erythromycin → doxycycline | Died (disseminated disease) | Hypogammaglobulinemia |
| 18 | Frangogiannis (1998) [18] | 31M ankle septic arthritis, endocarditis of unknown etiology | U. urealyticum/culture | Doxycycline and clarithromycin | Improved | CVID, hypogammaglobulinemia |
| 19 | Asmar (1998) [19] | 18M knee septic arthritis, bacteremia | U. urealyticum/culture | Erythromycin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol → ofloxacin | Improved | Agammaglobulinemia |
| 20 | Puéchal (1995) [20] | 30F septic polyarthritis | U. urealyticum/PCR | Doxycycline, IVIG | Improved | CVID |
| 21 | Forgacs (1993) [21] | 53M wrist septic arthritis | U. urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma salvarium/culture | Doxycycline | Improved | CVID |
| 22 | Lee (1992) [22] | 27M septic polyarthritis | Ureaplasma spp./PCR | Doxycycline | Improved | Hypogammaglobulinemia |
| 23 | Lehmer (1991) [23] | 38M wrist septic arthritis | U. urealyticum culture | Tetracycline, rosaramicin (macrolide) | Improved | CVID, hypogammaglobulinemia |
| 24 | Mohiuddin (1991) [24] | 22M hip septic arthritis | U. urealyticum culture | Tetracycline | Improved | CVID, hypogammaglobulinemia |
Abbreviations: ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; CVID, common variable immune deficiency; ESI-MS, electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry; F, female; hyper-CVAD, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, dexamethasone; JIA, juvenile idiopathic arthritis; M, male; NHL, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; R-CHOP, rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus.