Panel 1B.
Definitions of catatonia signs
| 1 | 9 | Agitation/Excitement- extreme hyperactivity with nonpurposeful movements and uncontrollable, extreme emotional reactions |
| 19 | Ambitendency- appearance of being “stuck” in indecisive or hesitant movement | |
| 16 | Automatic Obedience- mechanical and reproducible compliance with examiner’s request, even if dangerous | |
| 23 | Autonomic Abnormality- diaphoresis, palpitations, or abnormal temperature, pulse, blood pressure, pulse or respiratory rate | |
| 5* | 2 | Catalepsy- passive induction of a posture held against gravity |
| 22 | Combativeness- striking out against others, with or without potential for injury | |
| 7 | 11 | Echolalia- mimicking another’s speech |
| 7* | 12 | Echopraxia- mimicking another’s movements |
| 18 | Gegenhalten- resistance to positioning by examiner which increases proportionally to applied force | |
| 20 | Grasp reflex | |
| 6 | 10 | Grimacing- odd and inappropriate facial expressions, irrespective of situation |
| 15 | Impulsivity- patient suddenly engages in inappropriate behavior without provocation; afterwards can give no, or only a facile explanation | |
| 9 | 7 | Mannerism- odd, circumstantial caricature of normal actions |
| 17 | Mitgehen- exaggerated movements in response to light pressure | |
| 3 | 4 | Mutism- no, or very little, verbal response (exclude if known aphasia) |
| 12 | 5 | Negativism- opposing or not responding to instructions or external stimuli |
| 21 | Perseveration- whole or partial non-goal-directed repetition of actions or verbal content | |
| 5 | 6 | Posturing- spontaneous and active maintenance of a posture against gravity |
| 11 | Rigidity- resistance by way of increased muscle tone | |
| 4 | Staring/Blinking- fixed gaze, decreased blinking, and widely opened eyes. Or increased blinking | |
| 8 | 8 | Stereotypy- repetitive, abnormally frequent, non-goal-directed movements |
| 2 | 1 | Stupor- no or markedly reduced psychomotor activity; no active relation to environment |
| 10 | Verbigeration- continuous, directionless, repetition of words, phrases, or sentences | |
| 13 | 3 | Waxy Flexibility- slight, even resistance to positioning by examiner |
| 14 | Withdrawal- turning away from examiner, no eye contact and/or refusal to take food or drink when offered. Or social isolation |
Catatonia signs are not fully operationalized and definitions vary slightly between authors.