Figure 5.

Burden-biopsy frontier: Median number of biopsies (x-axis) and median delay in detection of cancer progression (in years, y-axis), estimated from the simulation study. Results for currently practiced fixed/heuristic biopsy schedules are shown by red squares, for Prostate Cancer Research International Active Surveillance schedule by a blue rhombus, and for personalized schedules by green triangles. Types of personalized schedules: risk 15%, risk 10%, and risk 5% approaches, schedule a biopsy if the cumulative risk of cancer progression at a visit is more than 15%, 10%, and 5%, respectively. Risk: F1 works similar as previous, except that for each patient, a visit-specific risk threshold is chosen by maximizing the ${\mathrm{F}}_1$ score (see the Methods section). The green-shaded region depicts the region of better balance in the median number of biopsies and median delay than the currently practiced fixed/heuristic schedules.