Table 2.
Summary of the all discussed nanoparticle formulations used for colorectal cancer detection and imaging, for each formulation size, zeta potential, targeting strategy, administration route, payload, in vitro and in vivo models they have been tested on, the relative results, and references.
| Nanovector | Size (AVG) | Charge | Targeting strategy | Payload | Administration route | Model | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-CEA MoAB-PAMAM-NIR664-doped silica NPs | 70 nm | — | EPR Anti-CEA MoAB |
NIR664 | IV |
In vitro: LS174 T, LoVo and HCT116 cell cultures In vivo: LS174 T subcutaneously injected in nude mice. |
In vitro: Increased uptake compared with untargeted formulation. In vivo: Increased tumor-associated fluorescence compared to untargeted formulation. |
[43] |
|
| ||||||||
| FMSNs-UEA1 | 75 nm | –13 mV | EPR Α-L-fucose targeting |
FITC | Topical |
In vitro: HCT116 (α-L-fucose +) and Caco-2 (α-L-fucose +) cell lines Ex vivo: colonic mucus from A/J mice and colon tissue from DSS/AOM-induced CRC bearing A/J mice In vivo: DSS/AOM-induced CRC in A/J mice |
In vitro: targeting of α-L-fucose + cell lines Ex vivo: good stability in mucus and binding to α-L-fucose + tissue. In vivo: marked NPs binding to CRC regions demonstrated by endomicroscopy |
[44] |
|
| ||||||||
| P(PE-PLLA) | 103 nm | –30 mV | CEA active targeting | Fluorescent dye: ICG |
IV (biodistribution) Intraluminal administration |
In vitro: SW480 and HT29 cell lines and CAM-engrafted cells In vivo: BALB/c male mice (biodistribution, and LS174 t cells intracolinically implanted in nude BALB/c male mice |
In vitro: CEA expression and anti-CEA AB (targeting moiety) dependent tumor binding In vivo: wide biodistribution after IV administration, good CRC detection after topical administration |
[45] |
|
| ||||||||
| HPMA-EPPT1-IR783 | — | — | uMUC-1 active targeting | NIRF dye: IR-783 |
Intraluminal administration |
In vitro: uMUC-1(++) HT29, uMUC-1 (+) LS174 t and uMUC-1 (–) SW480 cell lines Ex vivo: CRC and healthy tissue patient matched samples In vivo: LS174 t or HT29 administered in the colon wall of athymic female nude mice. |
In vitro: uMUC-1 dependent conjugate tumor-binding of targeted formulation Ex vivo: selective binding to CRC tissues of targeted formulation. In vivo: good tumor binding and detection. |
[46] |
| EGFR/VEGF-F-SERSA/B | 350 nm | — | EGFR/VEGF active targeting | Fluorescent dye: AF610 SERS dyes: RITC and FITC (EGFR and VEGF, respectively) | Topical |
In vitro: HT-29 CRC cell line retroviral-transfected with luciferase DNA In vivo: transfected HT-29 cells injected in BALB/c nude mice in the colon wall. |
In vitro: efficient cell labelling proportional to cell density and administered dose. In vivo: multimodal detection of small tumours in real time with high sensitivity and EGFR/VEGF profiling. |
[48] |
|
| ||||||||
| CNPs | — | — | LN tropism and retention | — | Endoscopic submucosal administration | 152 rectal cancer patients | Enhanced LNs detection, quicker surgical removal of more LNs, leading to better nodal staging | [50] |
|
| ||||||||
| FA-3WJ-pRNA NPs | — | — | EPR FRα active targeting |
Alexa fluor-647 | IV |
In vitro: KN20 and HT 29 cell lines In vivo: nude mice model of CRC liver and lung metastasis |
In vitro: FA-dependent cell binding and uptake In vivo: CRC metastasis targeting and avoidance of healthy parenchyma. |
[51] |
|
| ||||||||
| CNPs | 150 nm | — | LN tropism and retention | — | Endoscopic submucosal administration | 74 CRC T1 and T2 patients | Enhanced tracking if sentinel lymph node with near 100% accuracy in metastasis labelling. | [80] |
Abbreviations: Avg: average; CRC: colorectal cancer; DOX: doxorubicin; EPR: enhanced permeability and retention effect; IV: intravenous; SC: subcutaneous; LN: lymph node; PDT: Photodynamic treatment; PTT: photothermal treatment.