Table 1.
Characteristics of all the included studies regarding the effect of smoking on the thickness of retina and choroid.
| Author, year | Study design | Country | No. of case/control | Age (years) | Gender (female/male) | Retina and choroid detection | Smoking definition | Adjustments/matched | Scale# |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duman et al., 2017 | Cross-sectional | Turkey | 54/54 | 40.13 ± 12.36/40.57 ± 12.13 | 52/56 | Heidelberg Spectralis | 10–80 pack-years | Age and gender | 5 |
| Çakır et al., 2016 | Case-control | Turkey | 36/36 | 26.2 ± 6.0/25.7 ± 4.1 | 30/42 | Cirrus EDI-OCT | 20 cigarettes/day for 5 years | Age and gender | 6 |
| Dervişoğulları et al., 2015 | Case-control | Turkey | 44/44 | 39.85 ± 8.41/38.66 ± 10.47 | 20/68 | Cirrus HD-OCT | ≥1 pack of cigarettes/day for >10 years | Age and gender | 7 |
| Kantarci et al., 2016 | Case-control | Turkey | 46/42 | 51.8 ± 8.5/48.3 ± 9.9 | 15/73 | RS-3000 OCT Retina Scan | 10–120 pack-years | Age, sex, spherical equivalent, and AL | 5 |
| Moschos et al., 2016 | Case-control | Greece | 31/25 | 57.8 ± 4.5/68.0 ± 4.1 | 25/31 | Heidelberg Spectralis | >25-year cigarette smoking | Age and gender | 5 |
| Sobaci et al., 2013 | Case-control | Turkey | 45/45 | 32.9 ± 3.9/33.1 ± 4.1 | 33/57 | Heidelberg retinal angiogram | >1 box/day for >5 years | Age and gender | 6 |
| Sızmaz et al., 2013 | Case-control | Turkey | 17/17 | 34.3 ± 8.0/31.3 ± 5.9 | 16/18 | Optovue Inc | 3–45 cigarettes/day | Age and gender | 6 |
| Sigler et al., 2014 | Prospective consecutive case series | USA | 67/80 | 78 ± 7.2 | NA | Heidelberg Spectralis | Current and former smoking | NA | 4 |
| Dervişoğulları et al., 2015 | Prospective cross-sectional | Turkey | 24/22 | 38.62 ± 8.86/34.40 ± 8.76 | 10/36 | Cirrus HD OCT | Smoking for over 10 years | Age and gender | 5 |
| Ulaş et al., 2014 | Cross-sectional | Turkey | 30/40 | 28.73 ± 3.75/29.75 ± 2.90 | 35/35 | Spectralis SD OCT | 20–40 cigarettes/day for 1 year | Age and gender | 6 |
| Ayhan et al., 2017 | Case-control | Turkey | 40/40 | 41.2 ± 9.1/42.6 ± 8.4 | 24/56 | XR Avanti AngioVue OCTA | Chronic smoking | Age and gender | 6 |
| El-Shazly et al., 2017 | Cross-sectional | Egypt | 80/80 | 26.28 ± 3.83/25.53 ± 3.90 | 11/149 | Retina Scan RS-3000 Advance | ≥10 cigarettes for 10 years | Age and gender | 6 |
| El-Shazly et al., 2017 | Cross-sectional | Egypt | 100/100 | 27.41 ± 4.71/26.41 ± 4.33 | 0/200 | Retina Scan RS-3000 advance | Smoking for over 10 years | Age and gender | 7 |
#A modified scoring scale for this study based on Newcastle–Ottawa scale (NOS).