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Maternal high-energy feeding increased the oxidative stress level in the placenta. Placental ROS (a), MDA (b), protein carbonyl (c), 8-OHdG (d), GSH (e), and mitochondrial 4-HNE (f) levels. (g) The mRNA expression level of the endoplasmic stress markers. (h) Immunohistochemistry for placental ATF6 and GRP78 (×400 magnification, bar = 50 μm). (i) Average optical density of ATF6 and GRP78. Values are mean ± SD (n = 8-11). Different letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05.
