FIG. 3.

Ramp testing. Cartilage samples can be compressed at (A) a variety of strain rates, and (B) tested to or analyzed at a variety of specified strains. The strain at which slope is determined can also impact the outcome values. Systematic review of (C) deformation rate (mm/s), (D) strain rate (%/s), and (E) ramp strain (%), split by cartilage tissue and scaffolds/constructs. Tangent modulus from validation testing of (F) cartilage and (G) agarose at three different strain rates (0.1, 1.0, and 10%/s), found at six different strains (5–30%). Mean ± standard deviation. Significant differences within strains are noted by * (0.1 vs. 1.0), ∧ (0.1 vs. 10), and # (1.0 vs. 10), with the number of symbols (1, 2, 3, 4) representing p < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001, and 0.0001, respectively. Color images are available online.