Table 1.

Characteristics of 91,350 individuals living in centers with $>10\%$ solid fuel use for cooking, stratified by urban/rural status and solid fuel use for cooking versus electricity or gas.

Characteristic	All participants	Urban ($n=\mathrm{43,001}$)		Rural ($n=\mathrm{48,349}$)
		Solid fuel	Clean fuel	Solid fuel	Clean fuel
Individuals (n)	91,350	3,513	39,488	34,674	13,675
Households (n)	62,056	2,618	27,009	23,377	9,052
Communities (n)	467	137	210	254	199
Age ($\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$)	$50.2\pm 10.0$	$50.5\pm 10.4$	$51.2\pm 10.0$	$49.3\pm 10.0$	$49.4\pm 9.7$
Sex
Female	53,758 (58.9)	2,266 (64.5)	23,493 (59.5)	20,038 (57.8)	7,961 (58.2)
Male	37,592 (41.2)	1,247 (35.3)	15,995 (40.5)	14,636 (42.2)	5,714 (41.8)
INTERHEART risk score ($\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$)	$9.2\pm 5.3$	$9.3\pm 5.3$	$9.8\pm 5.4$	$8.2\pm 5.0$	$9.8\pm 5.5$
Education
$\le \text{Primary school}$	40,865 (44.70)	1,809 (51.5)	9,782 (24.8)	22,313 (64.4)	6,961 (50.9)
Secondary school	37,785 (41.4)	1,390 (39.6)	19,120 (48.4)	11,364 (32.8)	5,911 (43.2)
Trade, college/university	12,378 (13.6)	307 (8.7)	10,475 (26.5)	834 (2.4)	762 (5.6)
Missing	322 (0.4)	7 (0.2)	111 (0.3)	163 (2.4)	41 (0.3)
Income spent on food (%)
$<30$	19,960 (21.9)	540 (15.4)	9,499 (24.1)	6,241 (18)	3,680 (26.9)
30–50	22,854 (25.0)	845 (24.1)	11,997 (30.4)	6,944 (20.0)	3,068 (22.4)
50–66	20,475 (22.4)	823 (23.4)	9,573 (24.2)	7,445 (21.5)	2,634 (19.3)
$>66$	24,334 (26.6)	1,222 (34.8)	7,067 (17.9)	12,784 (36.9)	3,261 (19.3)
Missing	3,727 (4.1)	83 (2.4)	1,352 (3.4)	1,260 (3.6)	1,032 (7.6)
Household wealth index (tertile)
T1 (lowest)	31,211 (34.2)	767 (21.8)	3,327 (8.4)	22,177 (64.0)	4,940 (36.1)
T2	29,518 (32.3)	1,663 (47.3)	12,672 (32.1)	9,793 (28.2)	5,390 (39.4)
T3 (highest)	30,550 (33.4)	1,081 (30.8)	23,452 (59.4)	2,673 (7.7)	3,344 (24.5)
Missing	71 (0.1)	2 (0.1)	37 (0.1)	31 (0.1)	1 (0.0)
Smoking status
Former	6,077 (6.7)	245 (7.0)	2,958 (7.5)	1,836 (5.3)	1,038 (7.6)
Current	20,248 (22.2)	640 (18.2)	7,227 (18.3)	9,325 (26.9)	3,056 (22.4)
Never	63,822 (69.9)	2,599 (74.0)	28,902 (73.2)	22,927 (66.1)	9,394 (68.7)
Missing	1,203 (1.3)	29 (0.8)	401 (1.0)	586 (1.7)	187 (1.4)
Alcohol use
Former	4,088 (4.5)	152 (4.3)	1,819 (4.6)	1,371 (4.0)	746 (5.5)
Current	17,899 (19.6)	691 (19.7)	7,349 (18.6)	6,578 (19.0)	3,281 (24.0)
Never	68,531 (75.0)	2,660 (75.7)	30,065 (76.1)	26,301 (75.9)	9,505 (69.5)
Missing	832 (0.9)	10 (0.3)	255 (0.7)	424 (1.2)	143 (1.1)
BMI (${\mathrm{kg}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)
$<20$	13,326 (14.6)	524 (14.9)	2,830 (7.2)	8,569 (24.7)	1,403 (10.3)
20–30	63,920 (70.0)	2,227 (63.4)	29,690 (75.2)	22,073 (63.7)	9,930 (72.6)
$>30$	9,592 (10.5)	582 (16.6)	5,361 (13.6)	1,980 (5.7)	1,669 (12.2)
Missing	4,512 (4.9)	180 (5.1)	1,607 (4.1)	2,052 (5.9)	673 (4.9)
Physical activity
Low	14,896 (16.3)	568 (16.2)	7,234 (18.3)	4,978 (14.4)	2,116 (15.5)
Moderate	32,316 (35.4)	1,111 (31.6)	15,949 (40.4)	10,894 (31.4)	4,362 (31.9)
High	38,178 (41.8)	1,636 (46.6)	14,847 (37.6)	15,955 (46.0)	5,740 (42.0)
Missing	5,960 (6.5)	198 (5.6)	1,458 (3.7)	2,847 (8.2)	1,457 (10.7)
Alternative Healthy Eating Index (quartile)
Q1	21,752 (23.8)	1,040 (29.6)	7,668 (19.4)	9,516 (27.4)	3,528 (25.8)
Q2	21,241 (23.3)	905 (25.8)	8,794 (22.3)	8,304 (24.0)	3,238 (23.7)
Q3	21,848 (23.9)	768 (21.9)	9,904 (25.1)	8,083 (23.3)	3,093 (22.6)
Q4	22,288 (24.4)	299 (17.1)	11,115 (28.2)	7,361 (21.2)	3,213 (23.5)
Missing	4,221 (4.6)	201 (5.7)	2,007 (5.1)	1,410 (4.1)	603 (4.4)
Chronic conditiona
Yes	14,597 (16.0)	633 (18.0)	7,617 (19.3)	4,359 (12.6)	1,988 (14.5)
No	76,753 (84.0)	2,880 (82.0)	31,871 (80.7)	30,315 (87.4)	11,687 (85.5)
Hypertension
Yes	34,414 (37.7)	1,338 (38.1)	16,191 (41.0)	11,345 (32.7)	5,540 (40.5)
No	52,464 (57.4)	1,989 (56.6)	21,722 (55.0)	21,218 (61.2)	7,535 (55.1)
Missing	4,472 (4.9)	186 (5.3)	1,575 (4.0)	2,111 (6.1)	600 (4.4)
CVD medication use
Yes	11,526 (12.6)	392 (11.2)	6,594 (16.7)	2,592 (7.5)	1,948 (14.2)
No	79,824 (87.4)	3,121 (88.8)	32,894 (83.3)	32,082 (92.5)	11,727 (85.8)
Outdoor ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ (${\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$; $\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$)	$42.9\pm 24.9$	$37.9\pm 24.8$	$50.7\pm 25.9$	$37.3\pm 21.3$	$35.7\pm 23.6$
Region/country (%)
China	43,278 (47.4%)	762 (21.7%)	19,331 (49.0%)	16,884 (48.7%)	6,301 (46.1%)
South Asiab	28,406 (31.1%)	1,599 (45.5%)	11,396 (28.9%)	12,473 (36.0%)	2,938 (21.5%)
Otherc	19,666 (21.5%)	1,152 (32.8%)	8,761 (22.2%)	5,317 (15.3%)	4,436 (32.4%)

^aChronic conditions include baseline CVD, diabetes, respiratory disease, and HIV/AIDS.

^bPakistan, India, Bangladesh.

^cBrazil, Chile, Colombia, Philippines, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe.