Table 2.

Associations (hazard ratios [95% confidence intervals]) between individuals living in households using solid fuels for cooking, compared with clean fuels, and cause-specific mortality, CVD, and respiratory disease during a median of 9.1-y follow-up.

Health outcome	Events	Model 1 (base model)	Model 2 ($+\text{risk factors}$)	Model 3 ($+\text{SES}$)
		All-cause mortality	6,595	1.24 (1.15, 1.33)	1.24 (1.16, 1.34)	1.12 (1.04, 1.21)
Cause-specific mortalitya
CVD	2,104	1.08 (0.95, 1.22)	1.18 (1.04, 1.34)	1.04 (0.91, 1.19)
Respiratory	356	1.82 (1.32, 2.51)	1.54 (1.11, 2.12)	1.34 (0.95, 1.89)
Cancer	1,126	1.26 (1.06, 1.49)	1.22 (1.03, 1.45)	1.15 (0.96, 1.38)
Other causes	1,034	1.50 (1.22, 1.84)	1.49 (1.21, 1.84)	1.25 (1.00, 1.55)
Injury	393	1.39 (1.03, 1.87)	1.31 (0.97, 1.77)	1.24 (0.89, 1.72)
Not classified	1,544	1.21 (1.05, 1.40)	1.17 (1.01, 1.35)	1.07 (0.91, 1.25)
CVD ($\text{fatal}+\text{nonfatal}$)b	5,472	1.06 (0.98, 1.14)	1.14 (1.05, 1.23)	1.08 (0.99, 1.17)
MI	2,363	1.01 (0.90, 1.13)	1.12 (1.00, 1.26)	1.07 (0.94, 1.22)
Stroke	2,685	1.12 (1.00, 1.26)	1.16 (1.03, 1.30)	1.12 (0.99, 1.27)
Heart failure	476	1.10 (0.84, 1.43)	1.20 (0.92, 1.56)	1.13 (0.85, 1.50)
CVD hospitalizationc	4,407	1.05 (0.96, 1.15)	1.14 (1.04, 1.25)	1.10 (1.00, 1.22)
Respiratory disease ($\text{fatal}+\text{nonfatal}$)d	2,436	1.29 (1.14, 1.46)	1.24 (1.10, 1.41)	1.14 (1.00, 1.30)
TB	530	1.68 (1.26, 2.23)	1.48 (1.11, 1.96)	1.29 (0.95, 1.74)
COPD	708	1.31 (1.05, 1.63)	1.28 (1.02, 1.59)	1.15 (0.91, 1.44)
Pneumonia	893	1.17 (0.95, 1.44)	1.20 (0.98, 1.48)	1.17 (0.94, 1.46)
Lung cancer	239	0.84 (0.58, 1.24)	0.83 (0.57, 1.22)	0.79 (0.53, 1.18)
Respiratory hospitalizatione	1,517	1.30 (1.11, 1.52)	1.29 (1.10, 1.51)	1.17 (0.98, 1.38)
$\text{Incident cardiorespiratory disease}+\text{all -cause mortality}$f	11,111	1.18 (1.12, 1.25)	1.20 (1.14, 1.27)	1.12 (1.06, 1.19)
Asthmag	693	1.15 (0.93, 1.43)	1.05 (0.84, 1.31)	0.88 (0.69, 1.11)
Injuryh	3,461	1.05 (0.94, 1.16)	1.05 (0.94, 1.17)	1.01 (0.90, 1.14)
Injury hospitalization	1,213	1.16 (0.98, 1.37)	1.15 (0.97, 1.36)	1.02 (0.85, 1.22)

Model 1: Age, sex, baseline year, strata for center and urban/rural status.

Model 2: $\text{Model \hspace{0.17em}}1+\text{INTERHEART risk score}$, smoking, physical activity, alcohol use, alternative healthy eating index, BMI, baseline chronic condition, baseline CVD medication use, baseline hypertensive status, outdoor ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$.

Model 3: $\text{Model \hspace{0.17em}}2+\text{education}$, percentage income spent on food, and strata for household wealth index tertile.

^aCause-specific death.

^bFatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure.

^cDocumented hospitalization for myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure.

^dFatal and nonfatal COPD, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and lung cancer.

^eDocumented hospitalization for COPD, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and lung cancer.

^fComposite outcome: mortality from any cause or the first incidence of any major nonfatal CVD (MI, stroke, HF) or respiratory outcome (tuberculosis, COPD, pneumonia, or lung cancer, but not asthma) as an indicator of all health outcomes likely related to HAP.

^gPhysician diagnosis of asthma. Not included as a major respiratory disease outcome due to lack of evidence for association with HAP.

^hFatal or nonfatal injury. Hospitalizations refer to injuries with a documented hospital admission.