Figure 1.

Developmental or disease-associated DNA hypermethylation can modulate gene expression in various ways. (a) and (b), down-regulation of gene expression by DNA hypermethylation (either initiating or stabilizing gene repression). (c) and (d), positive associations of DNA hypermethylation with gene expression. (e) and (g), positive or negative associations with gene expression. (f), effects on the nature of the transcript (RNA isoform), which can occur without changes the steady-state levels of the transcript.