Table 2. Summary of Studies on CT-Guided Localization Techniques Since 2000.
| Methods | Studies | Nodule | Localization Success Rate (%) | Dislodgement, Migration, or Spillage Rate (%) | VATS Success Rate (%) | Conversion Rate to Thoracotomy (%) | Complications (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | Diameter Number (mm) | Image | Surgical | Pneumothorax (Requiring Chest Tube) | Hemorrhage | Hemothorax | Air Embolism | |||||
| Hook-wire | Dendo et al. 2002 (35) | 168 | NS (2–30) | NS | 97.6 | 2.4 | 100.0 | 0 | 32.1 | 14.9 | 0.6 | 0 |
| Miyoshi et al. 2009 (36) | 125 | 9 (3–35) | 100.0 | 99.2 | 0.8 | 99.2 | 0.8 | NS (3.7) | NS | 0 | 0 | |
| Li et al. 2012 (37) | 107 | 13 (4–25) | 100.0 | 97.1 | 2.9 | 98.1 | 1.9 | 36.9 | 40.8 | 0 | 0 | |
| Seo et al. 2012 (38) | 174 | 10 (< 30) | NS | 95.4 | 4.6 | 98.3 | 1.7 | 39.7 | 35.6 | 0 | 0 | |
| Ichinose et al. 2013 (39) | 500 | NS | 100.0 | 99.6 | 0.4 | NS | NS | 68.0 (4.6) | 8.9 | 0 | 0.2 | |
| Suzuki et al. 2014 (44) | 161 | 10 (2–34) | 97.5 | 97.5 | 0.6 | 100.0 | 0 | 37.9 | 41.6 | 0 | 0.6 | |
| Hanauer et al. 2016 (40) | 187 | 10 (4–29) | 100.0 | 96.3 | 3.7 | 92.8 | 7.2 | 38.0 (2.1) | 5.9 | 0 | 0 | |
| Huang et al. 2017 (41) | 273 | 12 (4–30) | 100.0 | 97.8 | 2.2 | 99.6 | 0.4 | 5.9 | 27.1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Klinkenberg et al. 2017 (42) | 150 | 9* (4–24) | 100.0 | 99.3 | 0.7 | 95.3 | 4.7 | 29.3 (6.0) | 1.3 | 2.0 | 0 | |
| Yao et al. 2018 (43) | 105 | 10 (3–19) | 100.0 | 98.1 | 1.9 | 100.0 | 0 | 18.9 | 7.4 | 0 | 0 | |
| Microcoil | Mayo et al. 2009 (15) | 75 | 12 (4–24) | 100.0 | 97.3 | 2.7 | 97.3 | 2.7 | 74.6 (2.8) | 6.7 | 1.4 | 0 |
| Su et al. 2015 (14) | 101 | 9 (2–26) | 98.0 | 98.0 | 2.0 | 100.0 | 0 | 15.8 | 8.9 | 0 | 0 | |
| Sui et al. 2015 (16) | 98 | 10 (4–26) | 100.0 | 96.9 | 3.1 | 100.0 | 0 | 13.3 (1.0) | 4.1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Kha et al. 2016 (48) | 64 | 12 (NS) | 100.0 | 98.4 | 1.6 | 95.3 | 4.7 | 68.8 (1.6) | 45.3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Hajjar et al. 2017 (47) | 74 | 6 (< 20) | 100.0 | 97.3 | 2.7 | 100.0 | 0 | 4.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Wang et al. 2018 (49) | 42 | NS (4–10) | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 21.4 | 19.0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Methylene blue | Stephenson et al. 2015 (51) | 30 | 8 (4–18) | 100.0 | 93.3 | NS | 90.0 | 10.0 | 6.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Indigo carmine | Shimamura et al. 2018 (52) | 21 | 14 (6–27) | 100.0 | 100.0 | NS | 100.0 | 0 | 9.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Barium | Lee et al. 2012 (20) | 10 | 8 (3–14) | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 20.0 (10.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Lipiodol | Watanabe et al. 2006 (56) | 174 | 10 (2–30) | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 17.0 (6.0) | 0 | 0.6 | 0 |
| Kawanaka et al. 2009 (26) | 107 | 9 (3–27) | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 30.8 (4.6) | 15.4 | 0 | 0 | |
| Kim et al. 2011 (27) | 68 | 11 (3–28) | 98.5 | 98.5 | 1.5 | 100.0 | 0 | 29.4 | 7.4 | 0 | 0 | |
| Mogi et al. 2015 (57) | 60 | 11 (3–20) | 100.0 | 98.2 | 0 | 98.2 | 1.8 | 37.5 (1.8) | 16.1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Technetium-99m | Chella et al. 2000 (29) | 39 | 8 (4–19) | 100.0 | 100.0 | NS | 100.0 | 0 | 15.4 | NS | 0 | 0 |
| Ambrogi et al. 2012 (28) | 211 | 8 (0.3–28) | 98.6 | 98.6 | 0 | 98.6 | 1.4 | 10.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
All parameters recorded as reported percentage rates. If there are no reported percentages, parameters were defined as follows: Localization success rate (image) is defined as (number of successful targeting procedures during procedure/number of all localization procedures) × 100. Localization success rate (surgical) is defined as (number of visible target in operative field/number of all localization procedures) × 100. Dislodgement, migration, or spillage rate is defined as (number of dislodgements, migration, or spillage/number of all localization procedures) × 100. Conversion rate is defined as number of (conversion to thoracotomy/number of all localization procedures) × 100. Nodule diameter represents mean (range). *Median. NS = not stated, VATS = video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery