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. 2019 Oct 14;9:14768. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51201-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Sexually differentiated input to KNDy neurons from estrogen-sensitive cells in the periventricular nucleus and the medial preoptic area. Confocal images of mCherry-immunoreactive (ir) (red) afferent populations to KNDy neurons and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-positive nuclei (blue) in the periventricular nucleus (PeN, A) and medial preoptic nucleus (MPON, B) of male and female mice. High magnification images of mCherry-positive neurons (i), ERα positive nuclei (ii) and merged images from corresponding boxes in (A,B). (C) Histogram depicting the mean ± SEM percentage of afferent populations to KNDy mCherry-ir cells colocalized with ERα in the rostral (rAVPV) and caudal (AVPV) anteroventral periventricular nucleus, rostral (rPeN) and caudal (cPeN) PeN, ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), and rostral (rARC), middle (mARC) or caudal (cARC) arcuate nucleus. The percentage of afferents to KNDy mCherry-ir cells colocalized with ERα is significantly higher in female mice compared to male mice in the rPeN, cPeN and MPON. No significant difference is detected in the rAVPV, cAVPV, VMH, rARC, mARC or cARC. 3 V, third ventricle. Student’s t-test.