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. 2019 Oct 14;10:4590. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12539-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Effect sizes of defaunation on forest regeneration by taxonomic group category. Observed and manipulated studies are analysed separately. The number of pairwise comparisons between high fauna and low fauna treatments per category is reported in parentheses, mean standardised effect size (Hedges’ g) is indicated by the bold vertical line in the centre of the coloured box, and 95% confidence intervals are represented by the width of the coloured box. Asterisks (*) denote categories where the confidence intervals do not overlap zero, indicating a significant effect (Hedges’ g). Please note that the figure shows the impact related to the absence of each taxonomic group category; a negative effect size means that defaunation is having a detrimental impact on forest regeneration. Vertical dashed lines show the mean overall effect size for observed (−0.68) and manipulated (+0.45) studies, respectively