Table 2. ORs for presenteeism by univariate multilevel analysis of each variable.
| Variables | Total participants (n = 930) | With depression (PHQ > 2) (n = 173) | Without depression (PHQ ≤ 2) (n = 757) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||||
| Women | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Men | 0.81 (0.48–1.38) | 0.82 (0.15–4.42) | 0.73 (0.43–1.25) | ||
| Age (years) | |||||
| < 30 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 30–39 | 1.28 (0.61–2.70) | 0.61 (0.06–6.53) | 1.37 (0.63–2.97) | ||
| 40–49 | 1.27 (0.61–2.62) | 2.36 (0.21–26.61) | 1.07 (0.51–2.26) | ||
| ≥ 50 | 1.44 (0.66–3.14) | 3.72 (0.25–55.82) | 1.24 (0.56–2.76) | ||
| Marriage status | |||||
| Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Haven't married | 0.77 (0.51–1.18) | 4.34 (1.53–12.31) | 1.06 (0.66–1.71) | ||
| Others* | 1.48 (0.89–2.48) | 11.99 (1.38–105.95) | 1.46 (0.76–2.80) | ||
| Smoking history | |||||
| Never-smoker | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Ex-smoker | 0.85 (0.49–1.45) | 0.71 (0.25–2.05) | 0.94 (0.63–1.41) | ||
| Current smoker | 0.98 (0.67–1.42) | 1.18 (0.21–6.54) | 0.75 (0.42–1.33) | ||
| Drinking habits | |||||
| Not- or social drinker | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Heavy drinker | 0.72 (0.48–1.09) | 0.91 (0.29–2.85) | 0.66 (0.43–1.03) | ||
| Permitted sick leave | |||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 1.19 (0.54–2.63) | 0.95 (0.21–4.24) | 0.87 (0.40–1.89) | ||
| Tenure (years) | |||||
| < 5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| ≥ 5 and < 10 | 1.42 (0.81–2.42) | 3.03 (0.59–15.42) | 1.26 (0.72–2.21) | ||
| ≥ 10 | 1.06 (0.68–1.66) | 2.19 (0.65–7.43) | 0.90 (0.56–1.44) | ||
| Position | |||||
| Employee | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Manager | 0.94 (0.56–1.58) | 1.91 (0.38–9.66) | 0.83 (0.49–1.42) | ||
| Chief | 1.08 (0.49–2.36) | 0.62 (0.13–2.99) | 1.11 (0.47–2.66) | ||
| Occupation | |||||
| White-collar | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Pink-collar† | 1.15 (0.55–2.41) | 0.22 (0.02–2.68) | 1.43 (0.66–3.07) | ||
| Blue-collar | 1.00 (0.60–1.65) | 0.17 (0.02–1.51) | 1.20 (0.71–2.03) | ||
| Shift work | |||||
| No shift | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Shift | 1.31 (0.88–1.97) | 0.82 (0.29–2.30) | 1.38 (0.90–2.10) | ||
| Employment type | |||||
| Regular | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Part-time | 0.97 (0.51–1.85) | 0.29 (0.06–1.37) | 1.23 (0.61–2.47) | ||
| Weekly working hours (hours/week) | |||||
| ≤ 52 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| > 52 | 0.82 (0.52–1.29) | 0.77 (0.22–2.66) | 1.15 (0.74–1.80) | ||
| Job-related stress | |||||
| Job demand | |||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| High | 2.92 (1.90–4.50) | 1.53 (0.58–4.04) | 3.21 (1.96–5.25) | ||
| Insufficient job control | |||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| High | 1.21 (0.85–1.70) | 0.59 (0.21–1.65) | 1.33 (0.92–1.91) | ||
| Interpersonal conflict | |||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| High | 1.80 (1.28–2.55) | 1.27 (0.48–3.36) | 1.87 (1.29–2.70) | ||
Data are presented odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
PHQ: Patient Health Questionnaire.
*Participants whom they were separated, divorced, or bereaved belong to this category; †Pink-collar indicates service or customer service workers.