Table 2.
Mouse models related with the histone-to-protamine transition.
| Gene | Phenotype | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| H1t | Fertility and no spermatogenesis abnormalities | Dispensable for histone-to-protamine transition | Drabent et al., 2000; Fantz et al., 2001 |
| H1t2 | Reduced fertility with delayed nuclear condensation and aberrant elongation of spermatids | Indispensable for the incorporation of PRMs and proper chromatin condensation | Martianov et al., 2005; Tanaka et al., 2005 |
| Th2b | Fertility with normal spermatogenesis in Th2b-null mice | Destabilize chromatin and regulate TPs and PRMs incorporation | Montellier et al., 2013 |
| Infertility with abnormal spermatozoa in TH2B C-terminus modified mice | |||
| Th2a/Th2b | Infertility with accumulated spermatocytes at interkinesis and abnormal spermatozoa | Indispensable for cohesin release and TP2 incorporation | Shinagawa et al., 2015 |
| H2al2 | Infertility and the sperm chromatin show a compaction defects | Assemble open nucleosomes and allow TPs incorporation | Barral et al., 2017 |
| H2a.b | Reduced fertility with abnormal spermatozoa | Destabilize chromatin and modulate the dynamics of H2AL2 removal and TP1 incorporation | Anuar et al., 2019 |
| H3f3a | Reduced fertility with dysmorphic spermatozoa | Require for normal development of some spermatids | Tang et al., 2015 |
| H3f3b | Infertility with abnormal spermatozoa and reduced sperm count | Indispensable for spermatogenesis related genes expression, TP1 removal and PRM1 incorporation | Yuen et al., 2014 |
| H3t | Infertility with azoospermia | Require for spermatogonial differentiation and ensures entry into meiosis | Ueda et al., 2017 |
| Epc1 | Infertility with abnormal round spermatids to elongating spermatids transition | Require for round spermatids maturation by regulating histone acetylation and TP2 incorporation | Dong et al., 2017 |
| Tip60 | The germ cell is arrested at the RS stage | Contribute to round spermatids maturation by regulating histone acetylation and TP2 incorporation | Dong et al., 2017 |
| Sirt1 | Reduced fertility with abnormal spermatozoa and decreased sperm count | Require for acetylation of H4K5, H4K8 and H4K12 histone, and TP2 incorporation | Bell et al., 2014 |
| Brdt | Infertility with complete absence of post-meiotic cells in Brdt-null mice | Control the chromatin organization and meiotic sex chromosome inactivation; the first bromodomain of BRDT is essential to link histone removal and TPs, PRMs incorporation | Shang et al., 2007; Dhar et al., 2012; Gaucher et al., 2012; Manterola et al., 2018 |
| Infertility with abnormal spermatids in Brdt ΔBD1/ΔBD1 mice | |||
| Pa200 | Reduced fertility with abnormal spermatozoa and decreased sperm count | Recognize acetylated histones and mediate the core histones for acetylation dependent degradation through proteasomes | Khor et al., 2006; Qian et al., 2013 |
| Rnf8 | Infertility with abnormal spermatozoa and reduced sperm count | Require for histone ubiquitination and modulate H4K16ac to facilitate histone removal and TPs, PRMs incorporation | Lu et al., 2010 |
| Miwi | Infertility with abnormal spermatozoa and reduced sperm count in Miwi D-box mutations mice | Essential for nuclear translocation of RNF8 and facilitates the histone ubiquitination and further histone removal | Gou et al., 2017 |
| L3mbtl2 | Reduced fertility with abnormal spermatozoa and decreased sperm count | Require for the RNF8-UbH2A pathway and further PRM1 incorporation | Meng et al., 2019 |
| Phf7 | Infertility with abnormal spermatozoa and decreased sperm count | Recognize the H3K4me3/me2 and catalyze H2A ubiquitination to facilitate the histone removal | Wang et al., 2019 |
| Pygo2 | Infertile with abnormal spermatozoa and decreased sperm count in Pygo2 reduced mice | Recognize H3K4me3 and recruit HAT to facilitate H3 acetylation and expression of Prms, Tnp2, and H1fnt. | Nair et al., 2008 |
| Jhdm2a | Infertile with abnormal spermatozoa and decreased sperm count | Control H3K9 methylation at the promoter of Tnp1 and Prm1 genes and regulate their expression | Okada et al., 2007 |
| Setd2 | Infertility with round spermatid arrest | Catalyze H3K36me3 and facilitate the activation of Tnps and Prms genes | Zuo et al., 2018 |
| Tssk6 | Infertility with abnormal spermatozoa | Mediate γH2AX to possess normal quantities of histone H3, H4 and PRM2 precursor and intermediate | Spiridonov et al., 2005; Jha et al., 2017 |
| Cdyl | Reduced fertility with decreased sperm count and motility | Regulate histone crotonylation to facilitate TP1 and PRM2 incorporation | Liu et al., 2017b |
| Parp11 | Infertility with teratozoospermia | Modulate PARsylation to facilitate chromatin condensation | Meyer-Ficca et al., 2015 |
| Parg110 | Reduced fertility with poor sperm chromatin quality | Dispensable for histone removal and TP1 incorporation | Meyer-Ficca et al., 2009; Meyer-Ficca et al., 2011 |
| Tnp1 | Reduced fertility with subtle abnormal spermatozoa and decreased spermatozoa | Dispensable for histone displacement as the compensation by TP2 and PRM2 precursor | Yu et al., 2000 |
| Tnp2 | Reduced fertility with abnormal spermatozoa | Dispensable for histone displacement but necessary for maintaining the normal processing of PRM2 and the completion of chromatin condensation | Zhao et al., 2001 |
| Tnp1/Tnp2 | Infertile with abnormal spermatozoa and decreased sperm count | Indispensable for PRM2 incorporation and chromatin condensation | Shirley et al., 2004 |
| Prm1 | Infertile with abnormal spermatozoa and decreased sperm count | Indispensable for spermiogenesis and chromatin condensation | Cho et al., 2001 |
| Prm2 | Infertile with abnormal spermatozoa and decreased sperm count | ||
| Camk4 | Infertile with abnormal spermatozoa and decreased sperm count | Mediate the phosphorylation of PRM2 and facilitate basic nuclear proteins removal | Wu et al., 2000 |