Table 5.
Univariable associations of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) in those aged ≥15 y, internally displaced persons camps, Darfur States, Sudan, 2014–2015
| Individual | TT (%) | N (%) | OR (95% CI)a | p-valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||
| ≥40 y | 15 (2.6) | 575 (34.0) | 31.9 (4.2–244.3) | 0.0009 |
| 15–39 y | 1 (0.1) | 1117 (66.0) | 1 | |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 13 (1.1) | 1183 (69.9) | 1.9 (0.5–6.6) | 0.3284 |
| Male | 3 (0.6) | 509 (30.1) | 1 | |
| Household | ||||
| Household members | ||||
| At least one other person | 10 (0.6) | 1609 (95.0) | 1 | |
| Lives alone | 6 (7.2) | 83 (4.9) | 14.6 (4.8–44.5) | <0.0001 |
| Number of children aged 1–9 y in the household | ||||
| ≥1 | 5 (0.4) | 1236 (73.0) | 1 | 0.0007 |
| 0 | 11 (2.4) | 456 (27.0) | 6.5 (2.2–19.2) | |
| Water access c | ||||
| Main source of water for drinking | ||||
| Improved sourced | 13 (1.1) | 1131 (66.8) | 1 | 0.4893 |
| Unimproved sourcee | 1 (0.3) | 313 (18.5) | 0.3 (0.0–2.4) | |
| Water vendor | 2 (0.8) | 248 (14.7) | 0.7 (0.1–3.7) | |
| Time to main source of drinking water | ||||
| Up to 30 min round-trip | 8 (0.7) | 1241 (73.4) | 1 | |
| ≥30 min | 8 (1.8) | 451 (26.7) | 2.7 (0.9–7.8) | 0.0683 |
| Main source of water for washing | ||||
| Improved sourced | 13 (1.1) | 1131 (66.8) | 1 | 0.4894 |
| Unimproved sourcee | 1 (0.3) | 313 (18.5) | 0.3 (0.0–2.4) | |
| Water vendor | 2 (0.8) | 248 (14.7) | 0.7 (0.1–3.7) | |
| Time to main source of washing water | ||||
| Less than 30 min round-trip | 8 (0.6) | 1247 (73.7) | 1 | 0.062 |
| ≥30 min | 8 (1.8) | 445 (26.3) | 2.8 (0.9–8.0) | |
| Latrine access c | ||||
| Private latrine | 6 (0.8) | 723 (42.7) | 1 | 0.6169 |
| Shared latrine access | 5 (1.3) | 388 (22.9) | 1.7 (0.5–6.5) | |
| Latrine facilities absent (use of open defecation) | 5 (0.9) | 581 (34.3) | 0.8 (0.2–3.4) | |
| Latrine typef | ||||
| Pit latrine with slab (improved pit latrine) | 3 (0.7) | 417 (24.7) | 1 | 0.737 |
| Pit latrine without slab (unimproved pit latrine) | 8 (1.1) | 706 (41.7) | 1.5 (0.4–6.4) | |
| No facilities, bush or field | 5 (0.9) | 569 (33.6) | 0.9 (0.2–5.0) | |
| Otherg | 0 (0.0) | 9 (0.5) | - | |
| Camp | ||||
| Climate/environment k | ||||
| Rainfalll | ||||
| Desert (annual rainfall <500 mm) | 6 (0.6) | 1095 (64.7) | 0.3 (0.1–0.9) | |
| ≥500 mm | 10 (1.7) | 597 (35.3) | 1 | 0.0296 |
| Mean temperature annuallyl | ||||
| ≥25°C | 11 (0.9) | 1168 (69.0) | 0.9 | |
| <25°C | 5 (0.9) | 524 (31.0) | 1 | 0.9443 |
| Maximum temperature of hottest monthl | ||||
| ≥38°C | 11 (1.0) | 574 (33.9) | 1.1 (0.3–3.8) | 0.8746 |
| <38°C | 5 (0.9) | 1118 (66.1) | 1 | |
| Major land cover type | ||||
| Grasslands | 12 (0.9) | 1311 (77.5) | 1 | 0.7379 |
| Otherg | 4 (1.0) | 381 (22.5) | 1.3 (0.3–4.8) |
aUnadjusted OR and 95% CI from logistic regression
bp-value from Wald’s χ2, statistically significant associations highlighted in bold (p≤0.05)
cFocused interview with head of household
dImproved water source—piped water into dwelling, piped water to yard/plot, public tap or standpipe, Tubewell or borehole, protected dug well, protected spring, rainwater; 15 households had different washing/drinking water sources
eUnprotected spring, unprotected dug well, surface water
fDirect observation by data recorders
gNot specified; no TT outcome in group, so excluded from univariable analysis.
kExtracted from 2.5 arc-min (~5 km at equator) raster data from worldclim.org
iNo association in linear model, categorical data presented here
gOpen shrublands, cropland/natural vegetation mosaic, barren or sparsely vegetated