Table 2.

Statistically significant CpGs (FDR $p<0.05$) associated with IQR increases in prenatal ${\mathrm{PM}}_{10}$ ($5.6{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$) exposure and DNA methylation in newborns (discovery meta-analysis), and replication analyses in newborns, children (age 7–9 years) and adolescents (age 15–16 years).

Chr	Positionb	CpG	Genec	Discovery: newbornsa		Replication: newborns	Replication: age 7–9 years			Replication: age 15–16 years
				($n=\mathrm{1,949}$)		ALSPAC ($n=688$)	BAMSE $\text{EpiGene}+\text{MeDALL}$ ($n=692$)	HELIX ($n=525$)	ALSPAC ($n=901$)	BAMSE 16 years ($n=198$)	ALSPAC 15 years ($\mathrm{n}=903$)
				$\mathrm{\beta }$ (p-value)	Directiond	$\mathrm{\beta }$ (p-value)	$\mathrm{\beta }$ (p-value)	$\mathrm{\beta }$ (p-value)	$\mathrm{\beta }$ (p-value)	$\mathrm{\beta }$ (p-value)	$\mathrm{\beta }$ (P-value)
5	180670110	cg15082635	GNB2L1; SNORD96A	0.001 (8.29E-08)	$\downarrow$ $\uparrow$ $\downarrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$	$-0.0004$ (0.17)	$<0.0001$ (1.00)	0.0001 (0.75)	0.0006 (0.02)	$-0.0001$ (0.63)	0.00006 (0.05)
17	9559558	cg20340716	USP43	$-0.002$ (1.50E-07)	$\downarrow$ $\uparrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$	0.0011 (0.50)	$<0.0001$ (0.73)	$-0.0013$ (0.39)	0.0002 (0.89)	0.0003 (0.19)	0.0004 (0.15)
4	89744363	cg00905156	FAM13A	0.001 (3.55E-07)	$\downarrow$ $\uparrow$ X$\uparrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$	$-0.0003$ (0.33)	0.0017 (0.03)	$-0.0001$ (0.84)	0.0004 (0.15)	0.0001 (0.72)	0.00001 (0.90)
3	133524572	cg24127244	SRPRB	0.001 (7.33E-07)	$\downarrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$$\uparrow$$\uparrow$	$-0.00001$ (0.97)	$<0.0001$ (0.77)	0.0002 (0.61)	$-0.0003$ (0.28)	$-0.0002$ (0.12)	0.00004 (0.42)
6	32165893	cg06849931	NOTCH4	$-0.001$ (1.72E-06)	$\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\uparrow$$\uparrow$$\downarrow$ $\downarrow$	0.0003 (0.81)	0.0022 (0.03)	$-0.0023$ (0.002)	0.0010 (0.33)	0.00002 (0.95)	$-0.0002$ (0.30)
5	131563610	cg18640183	P4HA2	0.001 (1.80E-06)	$\uparrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$$\uparrow$$\uparrow$	0.0003 (0.44)	0.0006 (0.61)	0.0009 (0.03)	$-0.0001$ (0.82)	0.0001 (0.53)	0.00001 (0.86)

Note: $\mathrm{\beta }$, coefficient for methylation with an IQR increase in prenatal ${\mathrm{PM}}_{10}$ exposure; CHR, chromosome.

^aDiscovery meta-analysis does not include the PRISM or Project Viva cohorts due to missing prenatal ${\mathrm{PM}}_{10}$ data.

^bChromosomal position based on NCBI human reference genome assembly Build 37.

^cUCSC annotated gene.

^dDirection of methylation for each cohort included in the analysis (INMA, Generation R, CHS, ENVIRONAGE, Rhea, Piccolipiù, EARLI): $\uparrow =\text{increased methylation}$, $\downarrow =\text{decreased methylation}$, $\mathrm{X}=\text{not available}$.