Figure 1.

Life cycle of Lecanosticta acicola on Pinus spp. (A) Asexual state: acervuli (a) develop on attached needles and needle debris and release conidia (b). Infection occurs through the stomata of new season needles (c), resulting in brown spot symptoms (d). (B) Sexual state: ascostromata develop on dead needles associated with previous season infections (a) and release ascospores in spring (b). Infection occurs through the stomata of new season needles (c), resulting in brown spot symptoms (d).