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. 2019 Oct 15;12:246. doi: 10.1186/s13068-019-1585-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — Genetically encoded biosensors and their applications in lignin valorization: a functional metagenomic screening method based on an EmrR-based biosensor for identifying lignin-degrading and transforming enzymes from metagenomic samples. A multicopper oxidase (CopA) enzyme capable of degrading lignin to vanillin and syringaldehyde was identified from a recovered metagenomic fosmid DNA library using this system [67]. b Transcriptional biosensors as screening methods to allow enzymatic characterization and evolution. A FerC-based biosensor was applied to identify optimal feruloyl esterase (CE1) activity by detecting ferulic acid release [69]. c Dynamic pathway regulation system for vanillic acid production. A ferulic acid biosensor was utilized to activate and regulate the biosynthetic pathway only when high cell density was reached and enough substrate was present, diminishing metabolic stress and increasing productivity [68]