Table 5.

Special characteristics of applied models and the policy learning questions

Article number	Applied model	Model provider	Main themes of model	The focus of model based on health policy cycle	Oral health policy issue	Policy-learning questions
3, 7	Multiple-streams model	John W. Kingdon	Policy stream	Process(agenda setting)	Mid-level dental practitioner	How “access need” becomes a part of political agenda? And what was the main and determinant interest groups? And what was the leading factors that induce achievement in legislation process in Minnesota?
			Problem stream
			Politic stream
						Why dental therapy in Canada was proposed and implemented as a policy to reduce inequity in access to oral health services and why this policy has now been abandoned?
1, 6	Political power framework	Shiffman and Smith	Power of ideas	Process(agenda setting)	Political power of oral health	What factors (ideas, issue characteristics, actor, and context) are shaping the political power of oral health in Italy and India?
			Power of issue
			Power of actors
			Power of political context
5	Triangle model	Walt and Gilson	Content	Holistic view of policy influential factors	National oral health policy development	How context, content, process, and actors affected oral health policy development in Nigeria?
			Context
			Process
			Actors
4	Evidence usage in policymaking model	Proposed by author	Policy	Formulation	National oral health policy development	What is the role of evidence in policy development? And what are the interactions between evidence, policy actors, policy, and evidence use? How interactions of evidence outputs and policy process such as problem identification, formulation, and implementation are determined by policy actors?
			Evidence
			Actors
			Evidence use
10	Advocacy Coalition Framework	Sabatier and Jenkins	Stable parameters	Agenda setting	Oral health promotion development	How oral health issue had been placed on policy agenda through coordination and collaboration between different role players? And what are indicated contradictions of all examined areas in oral health promotion-related policy and decision-making? And what is the most influential elements in oral health promotion in South Africa?
			Policy subsystem
			Potential external threats
2	Political discourse analysis model	Fairclough	Identified problem	Evaluation	Dental contract reforms in UK	How policy arguments comprise an identified problem or claim for actions, the specific means and desired goals proposed to achieve a proposed action, and contextualizing circumstances and values?
			Specific means
			Desired goals
			Circumstances
			Values
						How arguments in the related policy documents frame and justify conditionality? How language and discourses influence in which policy formation gets enacted and how policies are interpreted by the public and policymakers?
8	Two models:	(1) Beazoglou	Structure (education and training)	Evaluation	Oral health-care system in Nigeria	What is the situation of oral health-care system in Nigeria in respect to critical appraisal? And what are the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities, and threats affecting the achievement of good oral health in Nigerians?
	Structure measurement model	(2) Maxwell	Process (services and access)
	Quality assessment model		Outcome (oral health status)
			Efficiency effectiveness accessibility
			Equity
			Social acceptability
			Relevance to need
9	Social network model	Wasserman and Faust	Social actors (such as individuals or organizations) and their relations	Predecision stage of policy making	Oral health priority in agenda	What is the position of oral health on the broader health policy agenda?
						What is the network of interests, actors and interpersonal connections? And who is regarded as influential by others in the same policy sector that exercises control within the network?