Table 3.

Associations of surrounding green (NDVI $300\mathrm{m}$), air pollution (${\text{OP}}^{\text{DTT}}$), and road traffic noise (Lden) with diabetes from single- and two-exposure models.

Exposure variable	Exposure metrica		Two exposure (adj. for)b
		OR (95% CI)
		Single exposure	NDVI $300\mathrm{m}$	${\text{OP}}^{\text{DTT}}$	Road traffic noise (Lden)
NDVI $300\mathrm{m}$	Continuous (per IQR)	0.91 (0.89, 0.93)	—	0.93 (0.91, 0.96)	0.91 (0.89, 0.93)
	Q1 ($\le 0.44$)	1.00	—	1.00	1.00
	Q2 ($\le 0.50$)	0.98 (0.93, 1.03)	—	0.99 (0.94, 1.04)	0.98 (0.93, 1.03)
	Q3 ($\le 0.55$)	0.97 (0.93, 1.02)	—	0.99 (0.94, 1.04)	0.97 (0.93, 1.02)
	Q4 ($\le 0.61$)	0.91 (0.87, 0.96)	—	0.95 (0.90, 0.99)	0.92 (0.87, 0.96)
	Q5 ($>0.61$)	0.80 (0.76, 0.84)	—	0.84 (0.79, 0.89)	0.80 (0.76, 0.85)
${\text{OP}}^{\text{DTT}}$	Continuous (per IQR)	1.09 (1.07, 1.12)	1.05 (1.03, 1.08)	—	1.09 (1.07, 1.12)
	Q1 ($<1.01$)	1.00	1.00	—	1.00
	Q2 ($\le 1.14$)	1.04 (0.99, 1.09)	0.99 (0.94, 1.05)	—	1.04 (0.98, 1.09)
	Q3 ($\le 1.24$)	1.07 (1.02, 1.13)	1.00 (0.95, 1.06)	—	1.07 (1.01, 1.12)
	Q4 ($\le 1.35$)	1.17 (1.11, 1.23)	1.08 (1.02, 1.14)	—	1.16 (1.11, 1.22)
	Q5 ($>1.35$)	1.20 (1.14, 1.26)	1.10 (1.04, 1.16)	—	1.19 (1.13, 1.25)
Road traffic noise (Lden)	Continuous (per $5\text{dB}$)	1.02 (1.00, 1.03)	1.00 (0.99, 1.02)	1.00 (0.99, 1.02)	—
	Q1 ($<49.3$)	1.00	1.00	1.00	—
	Q2 ($\le 52.0$)	1.05 (1.00, 1.11)	1.03 (0.98, 1.08)	1.04 (0.98, 1.09)	—
	Q3 ($\le 54.7$)	1.07 (1.01, 1.12)	1.03 (0.98, 1.09)	1.04 (0.99, 1.09)	—
	Q4 ($\le 58.7$)	1.08 (1.03, 1.13)	1.04 (0.99, 1.10)	1.05 (1.00, 1.10)	—
	Q5 ($>58.7$)	1.06 (1.01, 1.12)	1.03 (0.98, 1.08)	1.02 (0.97, 1.08)	—

Note: Results are presented as OR (95% CI) relative to the reference category for the quintile analyses ($\text{OR}=1.00$) or per continuous increase in the linear model. Models were adjusted for sex, age, marital status, region of origin, education, work, standardized household income, smoking habits, number of cigarettes/day, alcohol consumption, number of alcohol glasses/week, physical activity, body mass index, and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES). —, no data; CI, confidence interval; IQR, interquartile range; Lden, daily average noise level; NDVI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; ${\text{OP}}^{\text{DTT}}$, oxidative potential (OP) metric with dithiothreitol (DTT) assay; OR, odds ratio.

^a IQR for NDVI $300\mathrm{m}$: 0.13, ${\text{OP}}^{\text{DTT}}$: $0.27{\text{nmol}\text{DTT}/\text{min}/\mathrm{m}}^3$.

^b In all two-exposure models, generalized variance inflation factor (GVIF) values were below 1.8.