Table 5.

Associations between long-term exposures to ${\mathrm{PM}}_{10}$ and mortality for nonaccidental, cardiovascular and respiratory causes over the Latium region by three different modeling approaches: Difference-in-differences (base model), fixed effects model, and mixed model. All results are expressed for $1{\text{-}\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$ increase in ${\mathrm{PM}}_{10}$.

Approach	IR%	95%CI
Difference in differences
Nonaccidental mortality	0.75	0.17	1.34
Cardiovascular mortality	0.93	0.03	1.83
Respiratory mortality	1.42	$-0.38$	3.25
Fixed effects model
Nonaccidental mortality	1.03	0.49	1.57
Cardiovascular mortality	0.59	$-0.44$	1.63
Respiratory mortality	3.34	0.73	6.02
Mixed model
Nonaccidental mortality	0.69	0.35	1.04
Cardiovascular mortality	$-0.01$	$-0.45$	0.44
Respiratory mortality	0.94	0.83	1.04