Table 1.

Model parameters related to the population ecology and phenology of the Ixodes ricinus tick.

Symbol	Parameter	Value/equation
$\mathrm{\beta }$	Average eggs per adult ($n$)	2,000
m	Mortality rates in forests (per month)
	Questing larvae, nymphs and adults	0.12, 0.12, 0.08
	Developing from
	Engorged larvae into questing nymphs	0.12
	Engorged nymphs into questing adults	0.04
	Engorged adults into eggs	0.08
	Eggs into questing larvae	0.08
Sf	Scaling factors for m in forests, shrubs, and grassland	1, 1.5, 3
$f_q$	Temperature-dependent proportion of questing ticks	See “Impacts of temperature on ticks” section.
$m_f$	Basal feeding mortality rates (per capita)
	Larvae, nymphs, and adults on transmission hosts	0.65, 0.65, 0.55
	Larvae, nymphs, and adults on reproduction hosts	0.6, 0.6, 0.5
$f_d\left(T\right)$	Interstadial development rate functions
	Eggs developing into larvae	$-0.0003{\mathrm{T}}^2+0.06\mathrm{T}-0.57$ ($\mathrm{T}>5°\mathrm{C}$)
	Larvae developing into nymphs	$0.0009{\mathrm{T}}^2+0.0219\mathrm{T}-0.21$ ($\mathrm{T}>7°\mathrm{C}$)
	Nymphs developing into adults	$-0.00024{\mathrm{T}}^2+0.057\mathrm{T}-0.48$ ($\mathrm{T}>7°\mathrm{C}$)
	Adults producing eggs	$0.003{\mathrm{T}}^2+0.3\mathrm{T}-1.86$ ($\mathrm{T}>7°\mathrm{C}$)
dp	Proportion of ticks undergo diapause
	Developmental diapause after August	0.9
	Behavioral diapause after June for nymphs and adults	0.9, 0.6
$f_h$	Host-finding probability (per month)
	Transmission host for questing larvae and nymphs	$0.05R^{0.515}$
	Transmission host for questing adults	$0.005R^{0.515}$
	Reproduction host for questing larvae and nymphs	$0.22D^{0.515}$
	Reproduction host for questing adults	$0.45D^{0.515}$
C	Maximum tick attachments on one host (per month)
	Larvae, nymphs, and adults on one transmission host	400, 25, 0.4
	Larvae, nymphs, and adults on one reproduction host	800, 800, 400

Note: D, reproduction host density per hectare; R, transmission hosts density (per hectare); T, temperature (°C).