Table 1.

Characteristics of the ABCD cohort at 11 y of age, by satellite LAN levels in tertiles ($N=\mathrm{3,021}$).

Characteristic	Low VIIRS-DNBa	Medium VIIRS-DNBa	High VIIRS-DNBa	p-Value
$n$	1,008	1,006	1,007
Girls [n (%)]	514 (51.0)	513 (51.0)	506 (50.3)	0.91
Boys [n (%)]	496 (49.0)	493 (49.0)	501 (49.7)
Age [y ($\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$)]	$12.4\pm 0.6$	$12.3\pm 0.6$	$12.5\pm 0.6$	0.30
Maternal education [n (%)]
Low	51 (5.1)	98 (9.7)	102 (10.1)
Medium	157 (15.6)	213 (21.2)	154 (15.3)
High	792 (78.6)	677 (67.3)	730 (72.5)
Missing	8 (0.8)	18 (1.8)	21 (2.1)	$<0.001$
${\mathrm{NO}}_2$b	23.3 (20.5–26.5)	28.4 (25.2–31.3)	35.8 (32.6–39.2)	$<0.001$
${\mathrm{PM}}_{10}$b	24.6 (24.2–25.2)	25.5 (24.8–26.4)	27.8 (26.8–28.8)	$<0.001$
Green $100\text{-}\mathrm{m}$ bufferc	2,364 (418–5,979)	2,201 (427–5,044)	0 (0–2,570)	$<0.001$
Green $\mathrm{1,000}\text{-}\mathrm{m}$ bufferc	$1.19\times {10}^6$ ($0.79\times {10}^6–1.54\times {10}^6$)	$0.71\times {10}^6$ ($0.52\times {10}^6–0.93\times {10}^6$)	$0.30\times {10}^6$ ($0.15\times {10}^6–0.53\times {10}^6$)	$<0.001$
Ruralityd	3 (2–4)	2 (1–2)	1 (1–1)	$<0.001$
Population density	3,915 (2,165–6,392)	7,030 (5,026–8,990)	11,436 (7,541–18,266)	$<0.001$
Area SEP	34 (29–38)	35 (29–40)	39 (34–45)	$<0.001$

Note: Values are medians (25th–75th percentiles) unless otherwise indicated. p-Values were derived with chi-square tests (sex) and Kruskal-Wallis tests on all other characteristics. ABCD, Amsterdam Born Children and their Development; LAN, light at night; ${\mathrm{NO}}_2$, nitrogen dioxide; ${\mathrm{PM}}_{10}$, particulate matter less than $10\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{m}$ in aerodynamic diameter; SD, standard deviation; SEP, socioeconomic position; VIIRS-DNB, Visible and Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite Day/Night band.

^aCategories of low, medium, and high satellite-measured LAN exposure based on tertiles of VIIRS-DNB. Cutoffs between tertiles low-medium and medium-high were 16.6 and $28.9{\text{\hspace{0.17em} nW}/\mathrm{cm}}^2/\text{sr}$, respectively.

^bAir pollutants ${\mathrm{NO}}_2$ and ${\mathrm{PM}}_{10}$ are modeled average values in micrograms per cubic meter.

^cGreen buffer corresponds to the amount of square meters of green in a buffer of 100 and $\mathrm{1,000}\mathrm{m}$ around the place of residence, respectively, based on vegetation cover indicated on the Dutch cadastral map TOP10.

^dDegree of rurality, population density, and area-level SEP derived from the smallest area unit (“buurt”) by Statistics Netherlands. Degree of rurality ranges from 1 (very urban) to 5 (rural), population density to number of inhabitants per square kilometer, and area SEP to the percentage of the population with low income.