Table 3.

Predicted estimates of mean minutes of daily walking [95% confidence interval (CI)] for exposure to high vs. low measures local or regional accessibility with and without additional adjustment for other measures of local or regional accessibility, VISTA 2012–2014.

Exposurea	Lowest accessibility		Highest accessibility		Difference in predicted walkingc
	$n$b	Predicted walkingc	$n$b	Predicted walkingc
Local accessibility measures
LLI: Home
Single-exposure model	2,245	7.04 (6.51, 7.57)	522	12.14 (10.56, 13.71)	5.09 (3.41, 6.78)
$+\text{LLI \hspace{0.17em}}\left(\text{work}/\text{education}\right)$	2,245	7.87 (7.30, 8.44)	522	11.74 (10.23, 13.25)	3.87 (2.26, 5.48)
$+\text{Jobs within \hspace{0.17em}}30\text{\hspace{0.17em} min}$	2,245	8.19 (7.51, 8.86)	522	10.80 (9.33, 12.28)	2.62 (0.96, 4.28)
$+\text{Commute time by car}/\text{public transport}$	2,233	7.70 (7.12, 8.27)	520	12.39 (10.81, 13.97)	4.69 (3.02, 6.37)
$+\text{LOPTS home}$	2,245	7.58 (6.95, 8.20)	522	11.03 (9.47, 12.59)	3.46 (1.69, 5.23)
$+\text{LOPTS work}/\text{education}$	2,245	8.30 (7.70, 8.89)	522	11.54 (10.09, 12.99)	3.24 (1.69, 4.80)
LLI: Work/Education
Single-exposure model	1,094	4.79 (4.25, 5.33)	1,793	13.45 (12.59, 14.32)	8.66 (7.67, 9.66)
$+\text{LLI \hspace{0.17em}}\left(\text{home}\right)$	1,094	5.00 (4.45, 5.55)	1,793	13.27 (12.41, 14.13)	8.27 (7.28, 9.27)
$+\text{Jobs within \hspace{0.17em}}30\text{\hspace{0.17em} min}$	1,094	5.18 (4.61, 5.74)	1,793	13.17 (12.31, 14.03)	7.99 (6.99, 8.99)
$+\text{Commute time by car}/\text{public transport}$	1,080	5.66 (5.02, 6.29)	1,792	12.64 (11.80, 13.48)	6.99 (5.93, 8.04)
$+\text{LOPTS: Home}$	1,094	5.02 (4.46, 5.58)	1,793	13.25 (12.40, 14.10)	8.24 (7.24, 9.23)
$+\text{LOPTS: Work}/\text{education}$	1,094	6.69 (5.94, 7.45)	1,793	12.03 (11.22, 12.84)	5.34 (4.21, 6.47)
Regional accessibility measures
Jobs within 30 min by public transport
Single-exposure model	1,232	6.06 (5.46, 6.65)	1,232	12.58 (11.46, 13.71)	6.53 (5.24, 7.82)
$+\text{LLI \hspace{0.17em}}\left(\text{home}\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em} and LLI \hspace{0.17em}}\left(\text{work}/\text{education}\right)$	1,231	7.32 (6.57, 8.07)	1,231	11.61 (10.54, 12.67)	4.29 (2.89, 5.68)
Commute time by car vs. public transport
Single-exposure model	1,332	5.87 (5.26, 6.49)	272	17.79 (15.25, 20.33)	11.92 (9.25, 14.59)
$+\text{LLI \hspace{0.17em}}\left(\text{home}\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em} and LLI \hspace{0.17em}}\left(\text{work}/\text{education}\right)$	1,332	7.60 (6.84, 8.35)	272	14.81 (12.56, 17.06)	7.21 (4.79, 9.64)
LOPTS: Home
Single-exposure model	2,909	7.42 (6.92, 7.93)	480	13.38 (11.56, 15.20)	5.95 (4.04, 7.87)
$+\text{LLI \hspace{0.17em}}\left(\text{home}\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em} and LLI \hspace{0.17em}}\left(\text{work}/\text{education}\right)$	2,909	8.68 (8.04, 9.33)	480	11.56 (9.96, 13.15)	2.87 (1.08, 4.66)
LOPTS: Work/Education
Single-exposure model	1,447	4.70 (4.23, 5.16)	1,486	16.05 (14.97, 17.14)	11.36 (10.17, 12.55)
$+\text{LLI \hspace{0.17em}}\left(\text{home}\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em} and LLI \hspace{0.17em}}\left(\text{work}/\text{education}\right)$	1,447	6.21 (5.56 ,6.86)	1,486	14.5 (13.5, 15.53)	8.29 (7.03, 9.56)

Note: ⁺indicates the inclusion of the named variable in the single exposure model specified above it. LLI, local living index; LOPTS, level of public transport service.

^aLowest and highest categories for each exposure are defined, respectively, as follows: LLI (home and work/education), 0–3 and 10–12 destinations; jobs within 30 min by public transport, $<\mathrm{4,000}$ and $>\mathrm{30,000}$; commute time by car:public transport ratio, $<0.25$ and $\ge 0.75$; level of public transport service (home and work/education), 0 and 2–3.

^bNumbers of observations in each exposure category; does not account for missing covariate data. There were 16 missing values for commute time by car/public transport.

^cEstimates from linear regression models of minutes of daily walking (transformed by a power of 1/2.6 and back transformed to compare in bootstrapped contrasts) in association with local accessibility measures (LLI: Home and LLI: Work/Education) and regional accessibility measures among 4,913 adults commuting to work or education on the survey day. Single-exposure models were adjusted for age group, sex, household income, occupational skill level, license to drive, number of household vehicles, distance to work/education (km), Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), and clustering at a Statistical Area 1 (SA1) level. Models of local accessibility measures were additionally adjusted for the alternative LLI and each of the regional accessibility measures; models of each reginal accessibility measure were additionally adjusted for LLI: Home and LLI: Work/Education.