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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 10.
Published in final edited form as: Sci Total Environ. 2019 May 4;682:271–281. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.010

Figure 4a,b.

Figure 4a,b.

Concentrations of neonicotinoid seed treatments on seeds left on the soil surface in northern Minnesota, United States for 0–30 days during May and early June 2016 (a, top panel) and 2017 (b, bottom panel). Clothianidin (CLO1) was a primary treatment on corn; imidacloprid (IMI) was a primary treatment on soybean, with clothianidin (CLO2) as a secondary treatment on the same seeds; and thiamethoxam (TMX) was a primary treatment on corn. Rainfall is indicated with arrows at the top, with drizzle and light rain indicated by a thin arrow and more substantial rain events indicated with a thick arrow. In 2017, we measured exact rainfall amounts (mm) and the amount of rainfall received (1–8 mm) is indicated by the size of the arrowhead. None of the rain events during the study would be expected to produce run-off.