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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurobiol Dis. 2018 Nov 22;124:183–188. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.014

Figure 1: An illustration of the changes in excitatory-inhibitory balance, high-frequency oscillations, and extracellular potassium concentration during the progression through the different stages of a low-voltage fast (LVF) onset seizure as determined by human and animal investigations.

Figure 1:

Prior to the seizure pre-ictal spikes associated with the firing of inhibitory interneuronsand ripples predominate. The transition to hypersynchronous/pre-ictal spikes is associated with spikes with fast ripples that incrementally increase in size, these spikes persist throughout the hypersynchronous epoch. The transition to LVF activity is also associated with fast ripples that incrementally increase in size, when the LVF activity begins the firing rate of inhibitory interneurons increase dramatically and ripple oscillations predominate over fast ripple oscillations as the extracellular potassium rises dramatically. The transition from LVF activity to the bursting stage is associated with a rebound of the firing rate of excitatory neurons.