Table 3.
Annual Average Ozone Mortality HRs (per 10 ppb), by Category of Selected Risk Factors
| Cardiovascular Disease |
Ischemic Heart Disease |
Respiratory Disease |
COPD |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR* | 95% CI* | Pinteraction | HR* | 95% CI* | Pinteraction | HR* | 95% CI* | Pinteraction | HR* | 95% CI* | Pinteraction | ||
| Sex | M | 1.01 | 0.97–1.05 | 0.92 | 1.03 | 0.97–1.10 | 0.64 | 1.09 | 1.02–1.17 | 0.39 | 1.13 | 1.05–1.23 | 0.66 |
| F | 1.05 | 1.02–1.08 | 1.06 | 1.02–1.10 | 1.02 | 0.96–1.13 | 1.06 | 0.98–1.13 | |||||
| Age | ≥65 yr | 1.04 | 1.01–1.07 | 0.60 | 1.05 | 1.01–1.09 | 0.49 | 1.05 | 0.99–1.10 | 0.50 | 1.09 | 1.03–1.17 | 0.48 |
| <65 yr | 1.01 | 0.97–1.05 | 1.07 | 1.02–1.12 | 1.06 | 0.99–1.21 | 1.11 | 1.02–1.21 | |||||
| Race | White | 1.03 | 1.00–1.06 | 0.36 | 1.05 | 1.02–1.09 | 0.29 | 1.03 | 0.99–1.07 | 0.08 | 1.07 | 1.02–1.13 | 0.15 |
| Black | 1.02 | 0.89–1.17 | 0.97 | 0.81–1.16 | 1.28 | 0.97–1.68 | 1.16 | 0.76–1.55 | |||||
| Other | 1.08 | 0.92–1.27 | 1.08 | 0.87–1.32 | 1.11 | 0.77–1.60 | 1.29 | 0.77–2.17 | |||||
| BMI | <25 kg/m2 | 1.00 | 0.96–1.04 | 0.54 | 1.02 | 0.96–1.08 | 0.24 | 1.06 | 0.99–1.13 | 0.29 | 1.09 | 1.01–1.18 | 0.50 |
| 25–35 kg/m2 | 1.07 | 1.03–1.11 | 1.08 | 1.03–1.14 | 1.04 | 0.97–1.12 | 1.10 | 1.00–1.21 | |||||
| >35 kg/m2 | 1.02 | 0.97–1.07 | 1.06 | 1.00–1.13 | 1.02 | 0.93–1.11 | 1.06 | 0.94–1.20 | |||||
| Education | ≤High school | 1.04 | 1.00–1.09 | 0.58 | 1.06 | 1.00–1.12 | 0.99 | 1.02 | 0.96–1.09 | 0.21 | 1.08 | 0.99–1.17 | 0.27 |
| Some college | 0.99 | 0.95–1.04 | 1.01 | 0.95–1.08 | 1.05 | 0.97–1.14 | 1.12 | 1.02–1.24 | |||||
| College or post | 1.05 | 1.01–1.10 | 1.09 | 1.04–1.15 | 1.05 | 0.97–1.14 | 1.04 | 0.94–1.16 | |||||
| Smoking | Never | 1.03 | 0.99–1.09 | 0.26 | 1.03 | 0.97–1.11 | 0.08 | 1.13 | 1.00–1.27 | 0.69 | 1.35 | 1.07–1.69 | 0.54 |
| Former | 1.03 | 0.99–1.06 | 1.05 | 1.01–1.10 | 1.02 | 0.96–1.07 | 1.05 | 0.98–1.13 | |||||
| Current | 1.05 | 0.99–1.11 | 1.06 | 0.98–1.15 | 1.08 | 0.99–1.17 | 1.13 | 1.03–1.23 | |||||
| aMED index | Quintile 1 | 1.06 | 1.01–1.12 | 0.43 | 1.11 | 1.03–1.19 | 0.18 | 1.07 | 0.99–1.17 | 0.65 | 1.14 | 1.03–1.26 | 0.55 |
| Quintile 2 | 1.04 | 0.98–1.10 | 1.07 | 0.99–1.16 | 1.03 | 0.93–1.12 | 1.07 | 0.95–1.19 | |||||
| Quintile 3 | 1.01 | 0.96–1.06 | 1.05 | 0.98–1.13 | 1.01 | 0.92–1.11 | 1.03 | 0.92–1.15 | |||||
| Quintile 4 | 1.00 | 0.95–1.06 | 1.00 | 0.93–1.07 | 1.08 | 0.97–1.19 | 1.07 | 0.94–1.22 | |||||
| Quintile 5 | 1.05 | 0.99–1.10 | 1.05 | 0.99–1.12 | 1.03 | 0.93–1.15 | 1.13 | 0.99–1.30 | |||||
Definition of abbreviations: aMED = alternate Mediterranean diet index; BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HR = hazard ratio.
*
Adjusted for age, sex, and location, as strata; for race, BMI, education, smoking, diet, and marital status, at individual level; and for median income and percentage with high school education at census-tract level.