Table 1.

Overlapping properties of anti-epileptic drugs or therapies and BBB protection.

Therapeutic intervention	Classification/drug class	Accepted mechanism(s) of action	Anti-inflammatory potency	Predicted or demonstrated effects on BBB integrity	References
Fingolimod	Anti-inflammatory agents	Lymphocyte trafficking	Reduces egress from lymph nodes	Promotes repair	(Foster et al., 2009; Spampinato et al., 2015; Zinger et al., 2016)
Wogonin	Anti-inflammatory agents	Vascular permeability	Blocks COX2	Promotes repair	(Chen et al., 2012)
Propofol	Anesthetic short-acting hypnotic agent	GABA	Inhibits NFkB	Protection/repair	(Jaaskelainen et al., 2003; Sanchez-Conde et al., 2008; Schneemilch et al., 2005)
Thiopental	Anesthetic short-acting hypnotic agent	GABA	Inhibits NFkB	Protection/repair	(Schneemilch et al., 2005; Roesslein et al., 2008)
Ketamine	Anesthetic short-acting hypnotic agent	NMDA antagonist	Inhibits NFkB and IL-1B, TNF-α surge	Protection/repair	(Beilin et al., 2007; Welters et al., 2011; Welters et al., 2010)
Magnesium	Electrolyte	NMDA blocker	NA	Restores NMDA receptor blockade	(Amtorp and Sorensen, 1974)
VNS	Device	Unknown	Nicotinic receptors	Protection/repair	(Rosas-Ballina et al., 2011; Rosas-Ballina and Tracey, 2009; Neren et al., 2016; Lee et al., 2008)
Ketogenic diet	Dietary regimen	Unknown		Protection/repair	(Nabbout et al., 2011; Janigro, 1999)
Hypothermia	Medical management	Unknown	Inhibits NFkB	Protection/repair	(Oztas and Kaya, 1994; Polderman, 2009; Webster et al., 2009)
Corticosteroids	Anti-inflammatory agents	Immuno-depression	Similar to NFkB inhibition	Protection/repair	(Marchi et al., 2011a; Marchi et al., 2009a)
IL1 antagonists	Anti-inflammatory agents	Immuno-modulation	Block ILl-β	Protection/repair	(Kenney-Jung et al., 2016; Desena et al., 2018)