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. 2019 Oct 15;9:14784. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51377-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of HFD on liver GSH and vitamin D metabolism genes. (a) Representative Western blot analysis (GCLC, GCLM, GSS, and GSR) performed on total protein extracts (n = 3) from the livers of mice fed an HFD for 16 weeks compared with those from mice fed the control diet. The right panel represents the semi-quantitative analysis of the protein abundance ratio to β-actin. (b) Liver GSH levels. (c) RT-qPCR was performed to assess the levels of vitamin D metabolism gene mRNA as indicated (n = 4). (d) Representative Western blot analysis (CYP2R1, CYP27A1, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, and VDR) performed on total protein extracts (n = 3) from the livers of mice fed an HFD for 16 weeks compared with those from mice fed the control diet. The right panel represents the semi-quantitative analysis of the protein abundance ratio to β-actin. (e) RT-qPCR was performed to assess the mRNA levels of genes (MCP-1, TNF, TNFR1, TGFβ1, Colα1, αSMA, Timp1, and Hp) associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as indicated (n = 6). An unpaired Student’s t-test was used to compare the control group with the HFD group. *p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM.