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. 2019 Oct 15;9:14829. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51339-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Hydroxyurea therapy reduces the capacity of activated monocytes to produce multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines. Polyfunctional analysis of TF⁻ (A) and TF⁺ (B) monocytes upon LPS stimulation was performed in PBMC from SCA patients undertaking or not hydroxyurea. Data were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.0001. (C) The overall cytokine expression profiles of activated TF⁻ or TF⁺ monocytes from SCA patients treated or not with hydroxyurea were compared using the chi-square test. ***p < 0.0001. (D) Frequencies of monocytes producing more than 1 cytokine in vitro were compared between SCA patients undertaking (n = 17) or not (n = 20) hydroxyurea using the Mann-Whitney U test. ***p < 0.0001.