. 2019 Oct 9;10:2300. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02300

TABLE 2.

Volatile compounds in fish sauce fermented with different yeasts (μg/L).

RT	KI	Compound name	Indentification	Fish hydrolysate	Fish sauce (Day 7)					OT (μg/L)

					S1	S2	S3	S4	S5
6.08	-	Ethyl acetate	MS	ND	687.93 ± 32.40b	31.17 ± 2.69c	30.56 ± 5.39c	3536.32 ± 651.58a	2.75 ± 0.37c	5^a
7.34	944	Propanoic acid, ethyl ester	MS,KI	ND	7.90 ± 1.47	ND	ND	ND	ND	NF
8.55	1009	Isobutyl acetate	MS,KI	ND	ND	ND	ND	22.60 ± 9.83	ND	25^a
10.05	1067	Acetic acid, butyl ester	MS,KI	ND	ND	ND	ND	5.89 ± 0.61	ND	58^a
11.30	1114	1-Butanol, 3- methyl-, acetate	MS,KI	ND	21.67 ± 0.99b	ND	12.06 ± 3.86b	1172.36 ± 57.44a	ND	1.6^a
12.67	1157	Acetic acid, pentyl ester	MS,KI	ND	4.80 ± 0.24b	ND	ND	47.23 ± 12.10a	ND	43^b
15.30	1265	Acetic acid, hexyl ester	MS,KI	ND	51.94 ± 1.83b	0.46 ± 0.12c	22.24 ± 4.36c	419.26 ± 34.31a	ND	115^c
16.51	1318	n-Caproic acid vinyl ester	MS,KI	39.66 ± 1.01a	-	1.96 ± 0.19b	2.20 ± 0.32b	ND	ND	NF
16.64	1325	Heptanoic acid, ethyl ester	MS,KI	ND	1.02 ± 0.08c	1.47 ± 0.05b	2.38 ± 0.41a	ND	ND	2^a
17.20	1353	Ethyl lactate	MS,KI	ND	18.87 ± 0.56ab	15.83 ± 1.03c	17.71 ± 2.44bc	ND	20.91 ± 1.47a	NF
17.47	1366	Acetic acid, heptyl ester	MS,KI	ND	9.26 ± 0.92b	ND	ND	72.96 ± 1.31a	ND	NF
17.63	1374	Acetic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester	MS,KI	ND	ND	ND	ND	7.52 ± 2.50	ND	NF
18.27	1407	3-Hepten-1-ol, acetate	MS,KI	ND	ND	ND	0.58 ± 0.08b	9.44 ± 0.68a	ND	NF
18.58	1427	Octanoic acid, ethyl ester	MS,KI	ND	8.12 ± 0.68c	14.09 ± 1.63b	ND	19.17 ± 3.44a	ND	19.4^a
19.28	1469	Acetic acid, octyl ester	MS,KI	ND	6.11 ± 0.60bc	ND	11.01 ± 1.14b	101.96 ± 10.42a	ND	5000^d
19.84	1503	3-Octen-1-ol, acetate, (Z)-	MS,KI	ND	ND	ND	ND	5.27 ± 0.45	ND	NF
19.95	1510	2,4-Hexadienoic acid, ethyl ester	MS,KI	ND	8.94 ± 0.80a	3.48 ± 0.19b	3.34 ± 0.23b	3.06 ± 0.22b	ND	NF
20.23	1530	Non-anoic acid, ethyl ester	MS,KI	ND	10.55 ± 1.55a	11.82 ± 1.67a	9.98 ± 0.73a	10.37 ± 0.54a	ND	377^e
20.85	1573	Acetic acid, nonyl ester	MS,KI	ND	1.99 ± 0.29b	ND	8.57 ± 0.43b	70.70 ± 8.74a	ND	NF
20.97	1581	3-Methylbutyl 2-methoxyacetate	MS,KI	ND	7.13 ± 0.77a	ND	2.19 ± 0.45b	ND	ND	NF
21.67	1634	Decanoic acid, ethyl ester	MS,KI	ND	6.70 ± 1.27d	28.39 ± 8.09b	149.77 ± 1.99a	18.13 ± 2.80c	ND	5^a
21.96	1656	Octanoic acid, 3-methylbutyl ester	MS,KI	ND	ND	ND	4.56 ± 0.31	ND	ND	NF
22.02	1661	4-Decenoic acid, ethyl ester, (Z)-	MS,KI	ND	1.49 ± 0.28a	1.74 ± 0.34a	1.40 ± 0.21a	1.94 ± 0.39a	ND	NF
22.21	1676	Acetic acid, decyl ester	MS,KI	ND	ND	ND	1.06 ± 0.18b	5.43 ± 0.57a	ND	NF
22.36	1687	Ethyl 9-decenoate	MS,KI	ND	ND	0.98 ± 0.02b	4.49 ± 0.25a	ND	ND	NF
22.57	1704	3-Decen-1-ol, acetate, (Z)-	MS,KI	ND	ND	ND	3.10 ± 0.21b	4.66 ± 0.55a	ND	NF
23.04	1744	Acetic acid, phenylmethyl ester	MS,KI	ND	ND	ND	ND	4.53 ± 1.18	ND	NF
24.08	1834	Acetic acid, 2-phenylethyl ester	MS,KI	8.41 ± 3.34c	253.50 ± 21.41b	3.69 ± 2.60c	4.50 ± 0.51c	1074.26 ± 103.84a	ND	249.6^a
24.15	1841	Dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester	MS,KI	ND	3.12 ± 0.52b	2.60 ± 0.66b	24.67 ± 0.65a	3.62 ± 0.88b	ND	NF
24.82	1902	Propanoic acid, 2-phenylethyl ester	MS,KI	ND	8.38 ± 1.27	ND	ND	ND	ND	NF
26.32	2049	Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester	MS,KI	ND	ND	ND	1.50 ± 0.11	ND	ND	NF
		Subtotal		48.07 ± 3.43e	1119.43 ± 60.54b	119.31 ± 9.21d	317.70 ± 14.22c	6620.74 ± 814.00a	23.66 ± 1.66e
19.06	1455	Acetic acid	MS,KI	ND	40.14 ± 3.08b	16.06 ± 2.40c	22.95 ± 9.07c	66.96 ± 14.03a	25.48 ± 1.48c	5.5^a
24.19	1844	Hexanoic acid	MS,KI	13.94 ± 0.57b	ND	12.55 ± 1.86b	ND	16.88 ± 1.39a	13.97 ± 0.84b	3000^e
24.99	1918	4-Hexenoic acid	MS,KI	ND	10.71 ± 0.46a	6.60 ± 0.66b	5.67 ± 0.91b	ND	ND	NF
25.33	1951	Heptanoic acid	MS,KI	ND	ND	ND	1.92 ± 0.36a	ND	0.99 ± 0.11b	3000^e
26.41	2058	Octanoic acid	MS,KI	2.12 ± 0.23c	2.97 ± 0.24c	5.89 ± 1.52c	50.53 ± 2.62a	35.76 ± 8.67b	1.52 ± 0.63c	3000^e
27.39	2158	Sorbic acid	MS,KI	14.30 ± 1.21a	2.67 ± 0.23	3.35 ± 0.82	1.68 ± 0.29	11.42 ± 2.57b	2.57 ± 0.76c	NF
27.45	2164	Non-anoic acid	MS,KI	6.46 ± 1.39a	5.87 ± 0.51ab	4.32 ± 1.55bc	3.75 ± 0.20c	7.53 ± 0.82a	1.68 ± 0.17d	3000^e
28.52	2270	Decanoic acid	MS,KI	ND	ND	5.16 ± 1.77c	24.23 ± 0.49a	7.55 ± 1.45b	0.90 ± 0.51d	10000^e
31.11	2483	Dodecanoic acid	MS,KI	ND	ND	ND	2.65 ± 0.26	ND	ND	NF
		Subtotal		36.82 ± 0.49d	62.36 ± 3.18c	53.92 ± 8.52cd	113.39 ± 7.59b	146.10 ± 28.28a	47.11 ± 3.38cd
7.08	929	Ethanol	MS,KI	ND	783.68 ± 95.68b	724.63 ± 55.38b	772.47 ± 150.73b	1745.35 ± 370.09a	506.51 ± 59.38b	950000^a
14.26	1222	1-Butanol, 3-methyl-	MS,KI	ND	78.88 ± 1.57a	46.54 ± 3.58b	ND	ND	ND	4^a
17.57	1371	1-Hexanol	MS,KI	ND	64.39 ± 3.75b	82.55 ± 3.61a	74.58 ± 0.96a	ND	35.77 ± 2.04c	5.7^a
19.1	1458	1-Octen-3-ol	MS,KI	87.58 ± 6.22	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	1.5^a
19.46	1480	1-Heptanol	MS,KI	ND	ND	17.00 ± 1.95	ND	ND	ND	5.5^a
20.05	1517	2-Ethyl-1-hexanol	MS,KI	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	7.13 ± 1.77	NF
22.8	1723	1-Non-anol	MS,KI	ND	ND	11.34 ± 1.32	ND	ND	ND	45.5^a
26.04	2020	Phenylethyl alcohol	MS,KI	ND	136.87 ± 8.85a	74.05 ± 11.49b	148.35 ± 22.73a	134.29 ± 26.71a	49.84 ± 2.76b	564.2^a
		Subtotal		87.58 ± 6.22d	1088.23 ± 103.16b	956.11 ± 62.45b	995.40 ± 176.12b	1879.64 ± 391.06a	629.52 ± 59.91c
7.81	971	Pentanal	MS,KI	20.46 ± 0.90a	ND	ND	ND	ND	3.38 ± 0.29b	2501.3^a
10.35	1079	Hexanal	MS,KI	209.11 ± 10.01a	ND	ND	ND	ND	5.98 ± 0.55b	5^a
11.79	1121	2-Pentenal, (E)-	MS,KI	9.02 ± 1.40	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	NF
13.1	1175	Heptanal	MS,KI	34.12 ± 3.33	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	2.9^a
14.24	1221	2-Hexenal, (E)-	MS,KI	7.72 ± 2.13	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	17^e
15.77	1284	Octanal	MS,KI	30.05 ± 1.90	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.6^a
16.69	1327	2-Heptenal, (Z)-	MS,KI	27.99 ± 1.40	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	NF
16.87	1336	2-HexeNFl, 2-ethyl-	MS,KI	4.80 ± 2.03	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	NF
17.96	1391	Non-anal	MS,KI	118.83 ± 16.83a	2.77 ± 0.45b	3.10 ± 0.81b	2.44 ± 0.87b	ND	1.67 ± 0.59b	1.1^a
19.75	1497	Decanal	MS,KI	4.47 ± 1.34	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.1^e
19.87	1505	2,4-Heptadienal, (E,E)-	MS,KI	20.09 ± 3.59	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	15.4^a
20.38	1540	2-Non-enal, (E)-	MS,KI	19.82 ± 3.52a	1.39 ± 0.76b	0.71 ± 0.10b	ND	ND	0.40 ± 0.10b	0.08^e
20.41	1542	Benzaldehyde	MS,KI	ND	8.06 ± 2.70d	16.10 ± 2.99c	24.47 ± 4.10b	20.87 ± 18.93b	42.95 ± 4.75a	750.9^a
21.27	1602	2,4-Octadienal, (E,E)-	MS,KI	9.56 ± 1.39	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	NF
21.91	1652	2-Decenal, (E)-	MS,KI	19.09 ± 5.00	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	NF
22.08	1666	Benzeneacetaldehyde	MS,KI	16.05 ± 2.87a	1.54 ± 0.09b	ND	ND	ND	ND	4^e
22.72	1717	2,4-Non-adienal, (E,E)-	MS,KI	19.39 ± 3.26	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.09^e
22.92	1734	Benzaldehyde, 3-ethyl-	MS,KI	3.40 ± 0.62a	ND	0.17 ± 0.03b	ND	ND	ND	NF
23.24	1761	2-Undecenal	MS,KI	12.84 ± 3.77a	ND	0.61 ± 0.12b	ND	ND	ND	NF
24.01	1828	2,4-Decadienal, (E,E)-	MS,KI	85.16 ± 32.89a	2.52 ± 0.71b	2.62 ± 0.21b	ND	ND	ND	NF
24.25	1850	Benzaldehyde, 2,5-dimethyl-	MS,KI	5.25 ± 0.29a	2.03 ± 0.16c	3.06 ± 0.53b	1.98 ± 0.19c	ND	1.37 ± 0.06d	NF
27.22	2141	Pentadecanal	MS,KI	ND	1.50 ± 0.27a	ND	1.05 ± 0.18b	1.78 ± 0.35a	0.57 ± 0.08c	NF
		Subtotal		677.23 ± 65.68a	19.82 ± 3.58c	26.38 ± 4.45c	29.93 ± 3.83c	22.65 ± 19.27c	52.93 ± 5.99b
9.79	1057	2,3-Pentanedione	MS,KI	7.50 ± 1.07	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	5505.6^a
13.71	1200	2-Heptanone, 4-methyl-	MS,KI	ND	ND	2.47 ± 0.29b	2.28 ± 0.27b	ND	3.12 ± 0.26a	NF
14.87	1247	3-Octanone	MS,KI	ND	ND	2.05 ± 0.23b	ND	ND	6.22 ± 0.13a	21.5^a
15.68	1281	2-Octanone	MS,KI	ND	3.10 ± 0.53b	3.01 ± 0.27b	3.21 ± 0.61b	ND	5.77 ± 0.43a	50.3^a
16.1	1298	1-Octen-3-one	MS,KI	12.18 ± 2.15a	0.82 ± 0.16b	1.30 ± 0.09b	1.33 ± 0.14b	ND	ND	NF
16.73	1329	6-Octen-2-one	MS,KI	ND	ND	1.70 ± 0.02b	2.93 ± 0.52a	ND	1.18 ± 0.08b	NF
18.3	1410	3-Octen-2-one	MS,KI	5.39 ± 0.91	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	NF
23.99	1826	1-Phenyl-2-butanone	MS,KI	ND	0.93 ± 0.01b	0.89 ± 0.10b	0.96 ± 0.25b	1.79 ± 0.27a	0.46 ± 0.07c	NF
26.5	2067	2(3H)-Furanone, dihydro-5-pentyl-	MS,KI	ND	6.32 ± 0.89b	5.58 ± 0.97b	7.44 ± 0.20a	ND	4.08 ± 0.64c	NF
		Subtotal		25.07 ± 2.11a	11.17 ± 0.90d	16.99 ± 0.49c	18.15 ± 0.51c	1.79 ± 0.27e	21.95 ± 1.14b
12.88	1166	Dodecane	MS,KI	ND	7.34 ± 1.31	ND	ND	ND	ND	NF
17.8	1383	Tetradecane	MS,KI	ND	4.82 ± 0.94b	2.71 ± 0.27c	ND	7.83 ± 1.32a	ND	NF
18.78	1439	Undecane, 3,8-dimethyl-	MS,KI	ND	ND	ND	ND	2.70 ± 0.48	ND	NF
19.61	1489	Pentadecane	MS,KI	5.72 ± 1.56a	ND	4.19 ± 0.95b	ND	ND	ND	NF
		Subtotal		5.72 ± 1.56b	12.15 ± 2.24a	6.90 ± 1.20b	ND	10.54 ± 1.75a	ND
14.07	1214	Furan, 2-pentyl-	MS,KI	225.16 ± 40.90a	58.94 ± 8.96b	42.18 ± 5.89bc	27.99 ± 1.91bc	40.81 ± 1.49bc	19.20 ± 6.11c	5.8^a
15.95	1292	Trans-2-(2-Pentenyl)furan	MS,KI	20.98 ± 1.98a	3.12 ± 0.54b	2.50 ± 0.32bc	2.06 ± 0.10bc	ND	1.32 ± 0.32c	NF
20.21	1528	2-n-Octylfuran	MS,KI	ND	3.80 ± 0.54a	2.54 ± 0.61b	ND	ND	ND	NF
		Subtotal		246.14 ± 42.88a	65.87 ± 9.10b	47.22 ± 6.78bc	30.06 ± 1.90c	40.81 ± 1.49bc	20.52 ± 6.42c
18.41	1416	Benzene, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-	MS,KI	ND	73.88 ± 5.93b	50.74 ± 2.55c	59.47 ± 10.58bc	121.54 ± 19.18a	22.28 ± 4.02d	NF
28.95	2310	2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol	MS,KI	21.38 ± 3.09c	58.75 ± 3.42b	46.56 ± 6.67b	48.61 ± 9.14b	122.22 ± 16.23a	29.95 ± 2.55c	NF
		Subtotal		21.38 ± 3.09e	132.63 ± 9.13b	97.30 ± 7.40c	108.08 ± 15.76bc	243.76 ± 33.14a	52.23 ± 5.99d

KI, kovats index. S1, inoculated with Kluyveromyces marxianus NCYC1425; S2, inoculated with Torulaspora delbrueckii Biodiva; S3, inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC-1118; S4, inoculated with Pichia kluyveri Frootzen; S5, inoculated with Candida versatilis NCYC1433. All fish sauce fermented for 7 days. OT = Odor thresholds: ^a value obtained from Giri et al. (2010), ^b value obtained from Niu et al. (2019), ^c value obtained from Zhu et al. (2018), ^d value obtained from Zhao et al. (2017), ^e value obtained from Javed et al. (2018). ^a–e Values in the same row with different letters were significantly different (P < 0.05). “ND”: not detected. “NF”: not found. Results: Mean ± SD, n = 3.