Table 3.
The associators of elevated blood pressure in children and adolescents aged 7–18 years in China, 2014.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariates | OR | 95% CI of OR | P | OR | 95% CI of OR | P | OR | 95% CI of OR | P | |||
| Boys (ref = girls) | 2.406 | 1.887 | 3.069 | <0.001 | 2.377 | 1.858 | 3.041 | <0.001 | 2.497 | 1.926 | 3.239 | <0.001 |
| Age (every 2 years increase) | 1.497 | 1.382 | 1.621 | <0.001 | 1.535 | 1.414 | 1.666 | <0.001 | 1.604 | 1.463 | 1.760 | <0.001 |
| Shaanxi Province (ref = Hainan) | 2.239 | 1.652 | 3.033 | <0.001 | 2.553 | 1.867 | 3.490 | <0.001 | 2.871 | 1.962 | 4.202 | <0.001 |
| Li ethnicity (ref = Han) | 1.105 | 0.848 | 1.440 | 0.458 | 1.204 | 0.919 | 1.578 | 0.177 | 0.812 | 0.601 | 1.096 | 0.174 |
| Urban (ref = rural) | 1.208 | 0.939 | 1.556 | 0.142 | 1.124 | 0.870 | 1.451 | 0.101 | 0.779 | 0.580 | 1.045 | 0.096 |
| Positive Family history of HTN (ref = negative) | 1.002 | 0.773 | 1.298 | 0.989 | 0.955 | 0.736 | 1.241 | 0.733 | 1.037 | 0.790 | 1.362 | 0.794 |
| Thinness (ref = normal weight) | 0.700 | 0.469 | 1.046 | 0.082 | 0.700 | 0.469 | 1.046 | 0.082 | 0.648 | 0.428 | 0.981 | 0.040 |
| Overweight/obesity (ref = normal weight) | 2.128 | 1.394 | 3.248 | <0.001 | 2.128 | 1.394 | 3.248 | <0.001 | 2.671 | 1.679 | 4.251 | <0.001 |
| Body fat percentage (every 5% increase)* | 1.114 | 1.030 | 1.206 | 0.007 | 1.114 | 1.030 | 1.206 | 0.007 | 1.150 | 1.054 | 1.255 | 0.002 |
| Serum calcium level (ref = low) | 1.665 | 1.300 | 2.133 | <0.001 | 1.640 | 1.279 | 2.103 | <0.001 | 1.508 | 1.170 | 1.943 | 0.001 |
| Regular physical exercise (ref = never) | 1.077 | 0.685 | 1.693 | 0.747 | 1.103 | 0.700 | 1.737 | 0.673 | 1.189 | 0.747 | 1.892 | 0.464 |
| Occasionally physical exercise (ref = never) | 1.354 | 0.895 | 2.051 | 0.152 | 1.403 | 0.924 | 2.129 | 0.112 | 1.238 | 0.810 | 1.893 | 0.325 |
| Dyslipidemia (ref = no dyslipidemia) | 1.119 | 0.838 | 1.495 | 0.446 | 1.040 | 0.775 | 1.395 | 0.794 | 1.107 | 0.820 | 1.494 | 0.506 |
Elevated blood pressure was defined as pre-hypertension or hypertension. HTN, hypertension. CI, confidence interval. Model 1: adjusted for age and sex; model 2: further adjusted for BMI (categorial) based on model 1. Model 3: further adjusted for urbanization, study sites, ethnicity, family history of hypertension, serum calcium level, physical exercises, and dyslipidemia based on model 2.
The adjusted covariates for model 2 and model 3 excluded BMI due to its high correlation (the Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.76) with body fat percentage. The classification of low or high in serum calcium level was based on its median value in the overall participants, which was 2.47 mmol/L.