Table 2.
Summary of studies on child and adolescent temperament and personality factors and early psychopathological features.
| Temperament and personality factors | Study design | Patients (n)/ recruitment age | Trial duration | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Joyce et al. (59) | Retrospective study; Clinical outpatients | 180 depressed | High NS and HA (in combination with childhood experiences and adolescent psychopathology) predictive of early BPD | |
| Kaess et al. (60) | Controlled trial; Clinical patients and community population | 33 BPD, 35 CC, 15 31 HC; 13-19 years |
High NS and HA and low RD biological vulnerability for developing BPD | |
| Crick et al. (55) | Longitudinal study; Community population | 400 | 1 year | Relational aggression predicted BPD symptoms |
| Underwood et al. (61) | Longitudinal study; Community population | 255; 9 years |
5 years | High social aggression in female predicted BPD symptoms |
| Cramer et al. (62) | Longitudinal study; Community population | 100; 11 years |
12 years | Impulsivity and aggression predicted BPD symptoms |
| Vaillancourt et al. (57) | Longitudinal study; Community population | 484; 10 years |
4 years | Aggression (relational in boys, physical in girls) predicted BPD symptoms |
| Lenzenweger et al. (22) | Longitudinal study; Community population | 250; | 3 years | Negative emotionality and low constraint predicted BPD at 19 years, and lower agency predicted increasing of BPD |
| Tragesser et al. (63) | Longitudinal study; Community high risk | 353 years; 18 years |
2 years | Negative affectivity and impulsivity predicted BPD symptoms |
| Stepp et al. (19) | Longitudinal study; Community high-risk | 2282 girls; 14–19 years |
14 years | Higher activity and lower sociability predicted increases in BPD symptoms, higher shyness predicted decreases in BPD symptoms |
| Stepp et al. (20) | Longitudinal study; Community high-risk | 2212 girls; 14–17 years |
4 years | Negative affectivity and impulsivity predicted BPD symptoms |
| Hallquist et al. (64) | Longitudinal study; Community high-risk | 2228 girls; 5–8 years |
10 years | Poor self-control predicted BPD symptoms at 14 ys and a worsening self-control increased BPD symptoms during time |
| Tragesser et al. (65) | Longitudinal study; Community high-risk | 350; 18 years |
2 years | Affective instability and impulsivity predicted BPD symptoms at 20 ys |
| Gratz et al. (66) | Retrospective study; Community population | 263; 9–13 years |
Significant interrelationship among affective instability and disinhibition, self- and emotion regulation deficits, and childhood borderline personality symptoms | |
| Belsky et al. (45) | Longitudinal study; Community population | 1116; 5 years |
7 years | Lower self-control and higher impulsivity predicted BPD dx at 12 ys |
| Crawford et al. (17) | Longitudinal study; Community population | 766; At birth |
20 years | Anger/tantrums predicted BPD symptoms |
| Jovev et al. (43) | Longitudinal study; Community population | 245; 11–13 years |
3 years | Low emotional control robust predictor in developing BPD symptoms; parental abuse moderating role in the presence of low affiliation |
| Martin-Blanco et al. (67) | Retrospective study; Clinical inpatients | 130 | Neuroticism-anxiety and aggression-hostility dimensions, as well as emotional abuse, independently associated with BPD | |
| Sharp et al. (68) | Longitudinal study; Community population | 730; 16 years |
1 year | Lower self-control predicted BPD symptoms via harsh familial discipline |
| Stepp et al. 2015 | Longitudinal study; Community high-risk | 113 girls; 5 years |
10–13 years | Higher levels of negative affectivity and family adversity predicted BPD symptoms |
| Jovev et al. (69) | Controlled trial; Community high-risk | 153; 11–13 years |
BPD symptoms associated to high affiliation, low effortful control and rightward hippocampal asymmetry (differences between genders) | |
| Early psychopathological features | Study design | Patients (n)/ recruitment age | Trial duration | Outcomes |
| Conway et al. (28) | Longitudinal study; Community high-risk | 700; 15 years |
5 years | Adolescent internalizing psychopathology and trait of negative affectivity predicted BPD symptoms |
| Krabbendam et al. (74) | Longitudinal study; Clinical incarcerated | 184 girls; 16 years |
3–6 years | Dissociation predicted BPD diagnosis at 20 ys |
| Koenig et al. (75) | Controlled trial; Clinical inpatients and incarcerated | 77 inpatients; 16,6 mean age 50 detainees; 17,7 |
Self-injuries predicted BPD symptoms | |
| Sharp et al., (68) | Longitudinal study; Community population | 730; 16 years |
1 year | Anxiety and depression predicted BPD symptoms at 17 ys |
| Ramklint et al. (76) | Longitudinal study; Clinical inpatiens | 158; 15 ys mean age |
16 years | MDD and substance use disorder predicted adult BPD diagnosis |
| Thatcher et al. (77) | Longitudinal study; Community population and clinical outpatients | 355 CC; 169 HC; 16 ys mean age |
8–12 years | MDD and ADHD predicted ‘severe’ BPD symptoms |
| Stepp et al. (25) | Longitudinal study; Community population | 816; 14–18 years |
16 years | Depression, substance use and suicidality predicted BPD symptoms |
| Belsky et al. (45) | Longitudinal study; Community population | 1116; 5 years |
7 years | Internalizing and externalizing conditions predicted early BPD |
| Bornovalova et al. (78) | Longitudinal study; Community population | 1763 twins; 11–17 years |
10 years | Higher levels of BPD traits contribute to earlier onset of substance use. Substance use slows the normative decline of BPD traits in youths |
| Bo and Kongerslev (79) | Controlled trial; Clinical outpatients | 46 BPD; 62 CC; 13–18 years |
High level of psychopathology, poor mentalizing abilities, and attachment problems were strictly associated to BPD compared to adolescents with psychiatric disorders other than BPD | |
| Miller et al. (80) | Longitudinal study; Clinical outpatients | 96 ADHD; 85 CC; 7–11 years |
10 years | Childhood ADHD predicted BPD at 18 ys |
| Burke et al. (107) | Longitudinal study; Clinical outpatients | 142 boys; 7–22 years |
12–18 years | Oppositional-defiant disorder and ADHD symptoms through adolescence predicted BPD symptoms at 24 ys |
| Stepp et al. (81) | Longitudinal study; Community high-risk | 1233 girls; 5–13 years |
6–9 years | Oppositional-defiant disorder and ADHD symptoms predicted BPD symptoms at 14 ys |
| Stepp et al. (20) | Longitudinal study; Community high-risk | 2212 girls; 14–17 years |
4 years | Conduct disorder and oppositional-defiant disorder symptoms predicted BPD symptoms |
| Wolke et al. (50) | Longitudinal study; Community population (ALSPAC) | 6050; at birth |
12 years | Any Axis I diagnosis predicted BPD at 12 ys |
| Thompson et al. (82) | Controlled trial; Clinical outpatients | 171; 15–18 years |
Adolescents with full-threshold BPD reported more confusion, paranoia, visual hallucinations , and strange thoughts than the other two subgroups |
ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ALSPAC, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; BPD, borderline personality disorder; CC, clinical controls; dx, diagnosis; fts, features; HA, harm avoidance; HC, healthy controls; MDD, major depressive disorder; NS, novelty seeking; RD, reward dependence; ys, years.