Table 3.
Summary of studies on neuroimaging and effect of early detection on course and outcome of BPD.
| Neuroimaging | Study design | Patients (n)/ recruitment age | Trial duration | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early detection effects | Study design | Patients (n)/ recruitment age | Trial duration | Outcomes |
| Chanen et al. (84) | Controlled trial; Clinical outpatients and community population | 20 BPD; 20 HC; 15–19 years |
Reversal of the normal (right > left) asymmetry of OFC grey matter volume in BPD pts compared with HC | |
| Richter et al. (85) | Controlled trial; Clinical outpatients and community population | 20 BPD pts; 20 CC; 20 HC; 14–18 years |
Right amygdala, right and left hippocampi smaller in BPD pts compared to healthy (but not clinical) controls | |
| Brunner et al. (86) | Controlled trial; Clinical outpatients and community population | 20 BPD pts; 20 CC; 20 HC; 14–18 years |
Left OFC and bilateral DLPFC smaller in BPD pts compared with HC, but not CC | |
| Maier-Hein et al. (87) | Controlled trial; Clinical outpatients and community population | 20 BPD pts; 20 CC; 20 HC; 14–18 years |
Lower fractional anisotropy in the bilateral fornices of BPD group compared to CC and HC | |
| Walterfang et al. (88) | Controlled trial; Clinical outpatients and community population | 20 BPD; 20 HC; 15–19 years |
No differences in corpus callosum size between BPD group and HCs | |
| Whittle et al. (89) | Controlled trial; Clinical outpatients and community population | 15 BPD girls; 15 HC girls; 15–19 years |
Left ACC volume smaller in BPD pts compared to HC | |
| Goodman et al. (90) | Controlled trial; Clinical outpatients and community population | 13 BPD; 13 HC; 15,8 ys mean age |
BPD/MDD patients had smaller BA 24 volume. Smaller BA 24 volume was associated with BPD (but not depressive) symptoms |
|
| Jovev et al. (69) | Controlled trial; Community high-risk and community population | 153 11–13 years |
BPD symptoms associated to high affiliation, low effortful control and rightward hippocampal asymmetry (differences between genders) | |
| New et al. (91) | Controlled trial; Clinical outpatients and community population | 14 BPD pts; 13 HC 15,8 ys mean age |
Lower fractional anisotropy in the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, uncinate, and occipitofrontal fasciculi |
|
| Gunderson et al. (96) | Longitudinal study; Clinical outpatients | 160 BPD pts; 18–45 years |
2 years | Early history of abuse and neglect is associated with a poor prognosis |
| Winograd et al. (100) | Longitudinal study; Community population | 748; 9–18 years |
20 years | BPD in childhood and adolescence predictive of enduring impairment in interpersonal, occupational, and financial domains of functioning |
| Crawford et al. (101) | Longitudinal study; Community population | 629; 13,8 ys mean age |
20 years | Persistent poor functional outcome in BPD features adolescents, including increased risk for substance use and mood disorders, interpersonal dysfunctions, and poor quality of life |
| Biskin et al. (102) | Longitudinal study | 49 girls; 19,6 ys mean age |
4 years | Non-remitters BPD pts more likely to be unemployed and to have a current episode of major depressive disorder, lifetime substance use disorder, self-reported childhood sexual abuse, and being unemployed |
| Haltigan and Vaillancourt (53) | Longitudinal study; Community population | 875; 10 years |
4 years | Child-reported ADHD and somatization symptoms predicted elevated or rising trajectory, whereas parent-reported anxiety symptoms predicted intermediate or stable trajectory |
| Zanarini et al. (98) | Longitudinal controlled study; Community population | 290 BPD pts; 72 Axis II pts |
20 years | Axis II pts reached higher rates of both good and excellent recovery than BPD pts. Competence in both childhood and adulthood was the best predictor of attaining an excellent recovery |
ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; BA, Brodmann area; BPD, borderline personality disorder; CC, clinical controls; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; HC healthy controls; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; MDD, major depressive disorder; pts, patients; ys, years.