Table 1.

Characteristics of patients with nephrotic syndrome and controls.

Parameter	Onset		Relapse (n = 35)	Remission (n = 3 2)	Health controls (n = 75)
	SS (n = 65)	SR (n = 22)
Age, years	5.2 ± 2.9	5.5 ± 4.3	5.6 ± 4.2	5.5 ± 2.8	5.2 ± 2.7
Sex, male	44 (67.7%)	16 (72.7%)	23 (65.7%)	22 (68.7%)	48 (64.0)%
Serum albumin, g/L	18.1 ± 5.8‡‡	20.9 ± 6.0‡‡	23.2 ± 8.3‡‡	35.4 ± 7.6##, ††	–
Serum creatinine, g/L	32.8 ± 11.8	37.5 ± 15.7	37.2 ± 20.3	35.1 ± 7.0	–
24-h urine protein, mg/kg	132.1 ± 78.9‡‡	148.1 ± 103.5‡‡	135.3 ± 102.1‡‡	13.2 ± 9.5##,††	–
IgA, g/l	1.19 ± 0.78	1.10 ± 0.71	1.17 ± 0.62	1.31 ± 1.06	–
IgG, g/l	3.07 ± 2.9#,†,‡‡	3.98 ± 2.11‡‡	4.24 ± 2.41‡‡	6.98. ± 2.74##,††	–
IgM, g/l	1.57 ± 0.92	1.59 ± 0.94	1.50 ± 0.45	1.41 ± 0.57	–
IgE, g/l	216.2 (59.2, 537.8)##,†,‡‡	90.6 (42.4, 284.0)	45.0 (20.1, 346.5)	76.2 (55.7, 104.09)	–
T cell, %L	70.9 ± 8.9	71.6 ± 7.2	71.5 ± 8.2	71.4 ± 5.3	–
CD4+ T, %L	40.5 ± 8.2	36.9 ± 8.4	36.8 ± 8.2	39.1 ± 4.2	–
CD8+ T, %L	24.3 ± 6.0#,†,‡	29.9 ± 7.6	29.7 ± 7.0	27.9 ± 5.0	–
CD4/CD8,	1.8 ± 0.6#,†,‡	1.3 ± 0.5	1.2 ± 0.5	1.4 ± 0.3	–
Nature kill, %L	5.7 ± 3.0##,††,‡‡	8.0 ± 4.1‡‡,†	6.5 ± 3.8‡‡,#	13.5 ± 3.3	–
B cell, %L	22.1 ± 6.7##,†,‡‡,**	12.7 ± 6.1†	18.5 ± 7.4#,‡‡,*	13.7 ± 3.3††	14.1 ± 3.3†
Transitional B, %L	5.3 ± 3.8##,††,‡‡,**	2.0 ± 1.5‡	2.0 ± 1.8	2.5 ± 2.0#	2.0 ± 1.4
Mature B, %L	22.8 ± 9.6*	22.4 ± 8.9‡,*	23.7 ± 7.5‡,*	27.6 ± 8.0#,†	30.0 ± 11.0#,†
Memory B, %L	4.5 ± 2.4††,*	3.5 ± 2.0††,*	7.7 ± 5.5##,**,‡‡	4.6 ± 3.0††,*	2.8 ± 1.5††,#,‡
IgM memory B, %L	1.5 ± 0.8††,‡,*	1.0 ± 0.8††	1.9 ± 0.9##,‡‡,**	0.9 ± 0.5††	1.0 ± 0.5††
Switched memory B, %L	1.3 ± 0.8	1.0 ± 0.4††	1.4 ± 0.5##,‡‡,**	1.0 ± 0.3††	1.1 ± 0.4††

SS, steroid sensitive; SR, steroid resistant; Ig, Immunoglobulin; %L, Percentage of lymphocytes.

^#p < 0.005;

^##p < 0.001, compared to SRNS patients at onset.

^†p < 0.005;

^††p < 0.001, compared to patients in relapse.

^‡p < 0.005;

^‡‡p < 0.001, compared to patients in remission.

^*p < 0.005;

^**p < 0.001, compared to controls.