FIG 2.

Probiotic yeasts S. cerevisiae, I. occidentalis, and S. boulardii prevented biofilm formation of non-albicans Candida species in both monoculture and mixed-culture biofilms with C. albicans. (A) Coinoculation of probiotics with non-albicans Candida strains for 24 h at 37°C. (B) For postinoculation of probiotics, non-albicans Candida strains were incubated for 90 min, and nonadherent cells were removed and subsequently treated with probiotic yeasts for 24 h at 37°C. Crystal violet (0.5%) staining was used to quantify the biofilm. (C) Images show the inhibitory effect of coinoculated probiotic treatment and postinoculation treatment (treatment 90 min after biofilm initiation). (D and E) Probiotic treatment inhibited mixed-culture biofilms of non-albicans Candida with C. albicans under conditions of coinoculation (D) or 90 min postinoculation, when biofilm formation had been initiated (E).