Table 3.

OR from a multilevel logistic regression

	Whole sample		Exempted excluded
Prob. of holding a valid NHIS card	Women	Men	Women	Men
Married	1.668∗∗∗	1.315	1.583∗∗∗	1.318
	[1.390–2.003]	[0.989–1.748]	[1.313–1.907]	[0.998–1.739]
Male head	1.041	1.124	1.082	1.167
	[0.886–1.224]	[0.821–1.539]	[0.912–1.283]	[0.815–1.671]
Children <5	1.123∗∗	1.110	1.168∗∗∗	1.097
	[1.040–1.213]	[0.993–1.242]	[1.080–1.265]	[0.978–1.231]
Pregnant	2.610∗∗∗
	[2.055–3.317]
Age 15–17	1.332∗	1.837∗∗∗
	[1.055–1.682]	[1.320–2.555]
Age 18–24	1	1	1	1
Age 25–29	1.342∗∗	0.551∗∗∗	1.363∗∗	0.541∗∗∗
	[1.090–1.653]	[0.388–0.784]	[1.101–1.686]	[0.383–0.765]
Age 30–34	1.485∗∗∗	0.723	1.584∗∗∗	0.712
	[1.188–1.857]	[0.488–1.073]	[1.259–1.992]	[0.485–1.044]
Age 35–39	1.533∗∗∗	1.428	1.703∗∗∗	1.373
	[1.216–1.933]	[0.957–2.130]	[1.344–2.158]	[0.930–2.026]
Age 40–44	1.332∗	1.160	1.508∗∗	1.133
	[1.038–1.710]	[0.769–1.750]	[1.173–1.940]	[0.760–1.689
Age 45–49	1.352∗	1.909∗∗	1.517∗∗	1.815∗∗
	[1.036–1.765]	[1.234–2.952]	[1.165–1.976]	[1.186–2.779]
Age 50–54		1.940∗∗		1.833∗∗
		[1.233–3.051]		[1.178–2.852]
Age 55–59		1.601		1.545
		[0.983–2.606]		[0.960–2.488]
Poorest	1	1	1	1
Poorer	1.287∗	1.119	1.142	1.211
	[1.008–1.644]	[0.808–1.551]	[0.887–1.470]	[0.869–1.688]
Middle	1.295	1.273	1.226	1.369
	[0.975–1.720]	[0.873–1.856]	[0.916–1.643]	[0.929–2.017]
Richer	1.330	2.023∗∗	1.226	2.395∗∗∗
	[0.963–1.838]	[1.301–3.144]	[0.878–1.710]	[1.514–3.788]
Richest	1.816∗∗	2.782∗∗∗	1.686∗∗	3.214∗∗∗
	[1.253–2.631]	[1.673–4.626]	[1.152–2.468]	[1.896–5.447]
No education	1	1	1	1
Primary education	1.047	0.982	1.081	1.036
	[0.853–1.284]	[0.696–1.386]	[0.873–1.339]	[0.728–1.475]
Middle education	1.187	1.323	1.282∗	1.321
	[0.977–1.443]	[0.968–1.807]	[1.047–1.568]	[0.967–1.806]
Secondary education	1.348∗	2.186∗∗∗	1.438∗∗	2.190∗∗∗
	[1.043–1.742]	[1.491–3.206]	[1.102–1.876]	[1.489–3.221]
Not working	1.529∗∗∗	2.116∗∗∗	1.546∗∗∗	1.872∗∗
	[1.227–1.905]	[1.493–3.000]	[1.216–1.965]	[1.243–2.817]
Professional sector	2.199∗∗∗	1.775∗∗	2.350∗∗∗	1.639∗
	[1.543–3.135]	[1.200–2.626]	[1.630–3.386]	[1.107–2.427]
Clerical sector	2.024∗	1.822	2.197∗	1.654
	[1.077–3.804]	[0.832–3.990]	[1.171–4.122]	[0.771–3.547]
Sales	1.445∗∗∗	1.079	1.368∗∗	0.968
	[1.177–1.774]	[0.718–1.622]	[1.105–1.694]	[0.641–1.461]
Agriculture	1	1	1	1
Services	2.145∗∗	1.606	2.065∗∗	1.505
	[1.277–3.603]	[0.862–2.994]	[1.210–3.525]	[0.807–2.809]
Skilled manual	1.306∗	0.876	1.291∗	0.816
	[1.020–1.671]	[0.634–1.209]	[1.002–1.664]	[0.587–1.134]
Unskilled manual	1.403	0.980	1.255	0.920
	[0.808–2.438]	[0.686–1.400]	[0.705–2.235]	[0.642–1.318]
Hypertension	1.203	1.114	1.169	1.165
	[0.942–1.538]	[0.896–1.385]	[0.917–1.489]	[0.927–1.464]
Urban	0.869	1.147	0.870	1.089
	[0.661–1.143]	[0.833–1.581]	[0.663–1.142]	[0.791–1.500]
Western	0.485∗∗	0.233∗∗∗	0.591∗	0.264∗∗∗
	[0.298–0.788]	[0.136–0.398]	[0.367–0.950]	[0.155–0.450]
Central	0.191∗∗∗	0.119∗∗∗	0.206∗∗∗	0.131∗∗∗
	[0.115–0.317]	[0.0667–0.213]	[0.124–0.342]	[0.0724–0.238]
Greater Accra	0.176∗∗∗	0.0628∗∗∗	0.188∗∗∗	0.0749∗∗∗
	[0.105–0.295]	[0.0339–0.116]	[0.112–0.314]	[0.0401–0.140]
Volta	1.247	0.399∗∗∗	1.258	0.439∗∗
	[0.758–2.052]	[0.231–0.689]	[0.772–2.048]	[0.256–0.752]
Eastern	0.398∗∗∗	0.186∗∗∗	0.426∗∗∗	0.179∗∗∗
	[0.244–0.648]	[0.108–0.322]	[0.263–0.690]	[0.103–0.313]
Ashanti	0.317∗∗∗	0.380∗∗∗	0.341∗∗∗	0.396∗∗∗
	[0.194–0.518]	[0.225–0.641]	[0.210–0.553]	[0.236–0.664]
Brong Ahafo	1	1	1	1
Northern	0.392∗∗∗	0.794	0.425∗∗	0.924
	[0.234–0.657]	[0.463–1.359]	[0.255–0.710]	[0.546–1.563]
Upper east	0.429∗∗	2.252∗∗	0.519∗	2.448∗∗
	[0.254–0.725]	[1.293–3.921]	[0.309–0.872]	[1.410–4.250]
Upper west	0.837	0.797	0.841	0.918
	[0.491–1.425]	[0.455–1.398]	[0.498–1.420]	[0.530–1.589]
N	9339	4348	7579	3818

Women and men, DHS 2014.

Odds ratios; 95% confidence intervals in brackets.

^* P < 0.05;

^** P < 0.01;

^*** P < 0.001.