Table 2.
Univariable Analysis of Patient and Pediatric ICU Characteristics by AKI and by 5-Year CKD Diagnosis.
| Variables | No AKI (N = 1771) | AKI (N = 464) | No CKD (N = 2192) | CKD (N = 43) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient characteristics | ||||
| ICU admission age, years | 3.7 (10.3) | 3.6 (10.6) | 3.6 (10.4) | 4.7 (11.4) |
| Female sex | 787 (44%) | 212 (46%) | 966 (44%) | 28 (65%)* |
| Center 2 | 988 (56%) | 310 (67%)** | 1271 (58%) | 27 (63%) |
| ICU diagnosis | ||||
| Cardiac surgery | 163 (9%) | 167 (36%)** | 323 (15%) | 7 (16%) |
| Cardiac (nonsurgical) | 100 (6%) | 27 (6%) | 123 (6%) | 4 (9%) |
| Trauma | 180 (10%) | 34 (7%) | 213 (10%) | 1 (2%) |
| Infection (nonbronchiolitis) | 298 (17%) | 72 (16%) | 362 (17%) | 8 (19%) |
| Neurologic/neurosurgical | 243 (14%) | 38 (8%)* | 277 (13%) | 4 (9%) |
| Gastrointestinala | 46 (3%) | 22 (5%)* | 61 (3%) | 7 (16%)** |
| Oncologic | 43 (2%) | 7 (2%) | 47 (2%) | 3 (7%) |
| Respiratory | 186 (11%) | 28 (6%)* | 212 (10%) | 2 (5%) |
| Diabetes | 39 (2%) | 16 (3%) | 54 (2%) | 1 (2%) |
| Otherb | 473 (27%) | 53 (11%)** | 520 (24%) | 6 (14%) |
| Postoperative (noncardiac) | 580 (33%) | 83 (18%)** | 654 (30%) | 9 (21%) |
| PRISM death rate | 1.9 (3.7) | 4.9 (13.9)** | 2.2 (4.7) | 2.0 (7.8) |
| Pediatric Medical Complexity Algorithm | ** | ** | ||
| No chronic disease | 333 (19%) | 52 (11%) | 383 (17%) | 2 (5%) |
| Noncomplex chronic disease | 436 (25%) | 75 (16%) | 509 (23%) | 2 (5%) |
| Complex chronic disease | 1002 (57%) | 337 (73%) | 1300 (60%) | 39 (91%) |
| ICU characteristics and outcomes | ||||
| Nephrotoxic antibiotics in the ICUc | 304 (17%) | 156 (34%)** | 439 (20%) | 21 (49%)** |
| NSAIDs | 178 (10%) | 90 (19%)** | 263 (12%) | 5 (12%) |
| Vasopressors used (yes/no) | 178 (10%) | 215 (46%)** | 382 (17%) | 11 (26%) |
| Steroids used (yes/no) | 444 (25%) | 142 (31%)* | 570 (26%) | 16 (37%) |
| Mechanically ventilated (yes/no) | 697 (39%) | 327 (70%)** | 1007 (46%) | 17 (40%) |
| Length of mechanical ventilation, days | 0 (2) | 2 (6)** | 0 (2) | 0 (3) |
| ICU length of stay, days | 1.1 (1.9) | 3.7 (7.1)** | 1.5 (2.7) | 2.5 (5.6)* |
| Hospital length of stay | 7 (9) | 13 (18)** | 8 (11) | 19 (40)** |
| Kidney related | ||||
| Baseline eGFR | 120 (36) | 120 (49) | 120 (36) | 120 (49) |
| Renal replacement therapy in ICU | 0 | 4 (0.9%)** | 3 (0.1%) | 1 (2%) |
Note. Continuous variables are presented as median (IQR) and categorical variables are presented as number (percentage). Associations between continuous variables were determined using Student t test or Kruskal-Wallis test depending on the distribution. Categorical variables were evaluated using chi-square test or Fisher exact test. ICU = intensive care unit; AKI = acute kidney injury defined using serum creatinine and urine output; CKD = chronic kidney disease; PRISM = Pediatric Risk of Mortality; NSAIDs = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; IQR = interquartile range.
Includes the liver, stomach, pancreas, and intestine.
Includes hematologic (nononcologic), inborn error of metabolism and metabolic (noninborn error of metabolism), immunologic, intoxication, burn, orthopedic, otolaryngologic, endocrinologic (nondiabetes), and bronchiolitis.
Includes aminoglycosides, acyclovir/ganciclovir, amphotericin, and vancomycin.
P < .05. **P < .001.