Table 1.
Epigenetic biomarkers in hypertension.
| Epigenetic modification | Biomarker | Regulation in hypertension | Sample source | Study type | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DNA methylation | HSD11B2 promoter | Highly methylated | Rat’s urine and tissues and human cell lines | Experimental: in vitro and rat model | (Alikhani-Koopaei et al., 2004) |
| SERPIN3 CpG island | Hypomethylation | Placental tissue | Clinical | (Chelbi et al., 2007) | |
| HSD11B2 promoter | Highly methylated | Blood and urine | Clinical | (Friso et al., 2008) | |
| 5mC | Lower levels | Blood | Clinical | (Smolarek et al., 2010) | |
| NKCC1 promoter | Hypomethylation | Aorta, heart and kidney | Experimental: spontaneously hypertensive rodent model | (Lee et al., 2010; Cho et al., 2011) | |
| sACE promoter | Hypermethylation | Blood | Clinical and experimental: in vitro | (Rivière et al., 2011) | |
| ERα promoter | Methylation | Uterine arteries | Clinical | (Dasgupta et al., 2012) | |
| SULF1, PRCP | SULF1: hypermethylation; PRCP: hypomethylation | Blood | Clinical | (Wang et al., 2013b) | |
| ADD1 promoter | Hypomethylation | Plasma | Clinical | (Zhang et al., 2013a) | |
| 5mC, 5hmC | Higher levels | Tissue | Experimental: Dahl salt-sensitive rats | (Liu et al., 2014) | |
| AGT promoter | Demethylation | H295R cells and visceral adipose tissue | Experimental: in vitro and rat model | (Wang et al., 2014a) | |
| DSCR3 | Hypermethylation | Maternal blood and placental tissue | Clinical | (Kim et al., 2015) | |
| miRNA-34a gene promoter | Hypomethylation | Placental tissue | Clinical | (Rezaei et al., 2018) | |
| ACE2 promoter | Hypermethylation | Plasma | Clinical | (Fan et al., 2017) | |
| CBS promoter | Hypermethylation | Maternal blood and placental tissue | Clinical | (Kim et al., 2015) | |
| MTHFD1 promoter | Hypermethylation | Plasma | Clinical | (Xu et al., 2019) | |
| Histone modifications | H3K79 | Hypermethylation | NA | Clinical | (Rodriguez-Iturbe, 2006; Duarte et al., 2012) |
| Histone 3 | Acetylation | Germ cells | Review | (Irmak and Sizlan, 2006) | |
| H3K79 | DNA methylation | Bibliography | Review | (Zhang et al., 2009) | |
| HDAC8 | Inhibition | mDCT cells and tissues | Experimental: rat models of salt-sensitive hypertension | (Mu et al., 2011) | |
| H3K4 or H3K9 | Hypermethylation | Tissue, plasma, and urine | Experimental: LSD1 knockout mice with a high-salt diet | (Pojoga et al., 2011) | |
| HDAC1, HDAC5 | High levels | Lung tissue and adventitial fibroblasts | Clinical and experimental: in vitro and hypoxic rat | (Zhao et al., 2012) | |
| miRNA | miR-18a, miR-210, miR-152, miR-363, miR-377, miR-411, miR-518b, miR-542-3p | miR-18a, miR-363, miR-377, miR-411, miR-542-3p: underexpression; miR-210, miR-152, miR-518b: overexpression | Placental tissue | Clinical | (Zhu et al., 2009) |
| 22 miRNAs | 15 upregulated and 7 downregulated | Serum | Clinical | (Yang et al., 2011) | |
| let-7b, miR-302*, miR-104, miR-128a, miR-182*, miR-133b | Overexpression | Placental tissue | Clinical | (Noack et al., 2011) | |
| miR-92b, miR-197, miR-342-3p, miR-296-5p, miR-26b, miR-25, miR-296-3p, miR-26a, miR-198, miR-202, miR-191, miR-95, miR-204, miR-21, miR-223 | miR-92b, miR-197, miR-342-3p, miR-296-5p, miR-26b, miR-25, miR-296-3p, miR-26a, miR-198, miR-202, miR-191, miR-95, miR-204: overexpression; miR-21, miR-223: underexpression | Placental tissue | Clinical | (Choi et al., 2013) | |
| miR-9, miR-126 | Lower levels | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells | Clinical | (Kontaraki et al., 2014) | |
| miR1233 | Higher levels | Serum | Clinical | (Ura et al., 2014) | |
| miR-18a, miR-19b1, miR-92a1, miR-210 | miR-210: upregulation; miR-18a, miR-19b1, and miR-92a1: downregulation | Plasma and placental tissue | Clinical | (Xu et al., 2014) | |
| miR-505 | Upregulation | Plasma | Clinical | (Yang et al., 2014) | |
| miR-106a, miR-18b, miR-20b, miR-19b-2, miR-92a-2, miR-363 | Dysregulation | Placental tissue | Clinical | (Zhang et al., 2015a) | |
| miR-515-5p, miR-518b, miR-518f-5p, miR-519d, miR-520h | Downregulation | Placental tissue | Clinical | (Hromadnikova et al., 2015) | |
| miR-335, miR-584 | Upregulation | Placental tissue and HTR8/Svneo cells | Clinical and experimental: in vitro | (Jiang F. et al., 2015) | |
| miR-125b | Overexpression | Plasma and placental tissue | Clinical | (Yang et al., 2016b) | |
| miR-215, miR-155, miR-650, miR-210, miR-21, miR-18a, miR-19b1 | MiR-215, miR-155, miR-650, miR-210, miR-21: upregulation; miR-18a, miR-19b1: downregulation | Plasma | Clinical | (Jairajpuri et al., 2017) | |
| miR-204-5p | Higher levels | Serum | Clinical | (Mei et al., 2017) | |
| let-7b*, let-7f-1*, miR-1183, miR-23c, miR-425* | miR-1183: upregulation; let-7b*, miR-23c, miR-425*, let-7f-1*: downregulation | Plasma and placental tissue | Clinical | (Gunel et al., 2017) | |
| miR-145 | Downregulation | Placental tissue | Clinical | (Han et al., 2017) | |
| miR-202-3p | Upregulation | Placental tissue | Clinical | (Singh et al., 2017) | |
| let-7 | Higher | Plasma | Clinical | (Huang et al., 2017b) | |
| miRNA | Dysregulation | Bibliography: Maternal serum and placental tissue | Bibliography review | (Laganà et al., 2018) | |
| miR-19a | Upregulation | Plasma and lung tissue | Clinical | (Chen and Li, 2017) | |
| miR-21 | Upregulation | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells | Clinical | (Parthenakis et al., 2017) | |
| miR-21 | Upregulation | Bibliography review | Bibliography review | (Sekar et al., 2017) | |
| miR-510 | Upregulation | Serum | Clinical | (Krishnan et al., 2017) | |
| miR-206 | Lower levels | Serum | Clinical | (Jin et al., 2017) | |
| miR-424(322) | Upregulation | Plasma | Clinical | (Baptista et al., 2018) | |
| miR-199a-3p, miR-208a-3p, miR-122-5p, miR-223-3p | Downregulation | Serum | Clinical | (Zhang et al., 2018c) | |
| miR-431-5p | Upregulation | Tissue | Experimental: mice made hypertensive and in vitro | (Huo et al., 2019) | |
| miR-143, NR_034083, NR_104181, | miR-143: upregulation; NR_034083: downregulation and NR_104181 and | Peripheral blood leucocytes | Clinical | (Chen et al., 2018b) |
NA, not available.