Table 3.
Epigenetic biomarkers in myocardial infarction.
| Epigenetic modification | Biomarker | Regulation in myocardial infarction | Sample source | Study type | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DNA methylation | INS, GNASAS | Hypermethylation | Leukocytes | Clinical | (Talens et al., 2012) |
| LINE-1, ZBTB12 | Hypomethylation | White blood cells | Clinical | (Guarrera et al., 2015) | |
| ALDH2 promoter | Hypermethylation | Experimental: rat model of MI | Experimental: rat model of MI | (Wang et al., 2015) | |
| ZFHX3, SMARCA4 | Methylation | Whole blood | Clinical | (Nakatochi et al., 2017) | |
| Histone modifications | p300 | Overexpression | Myocardium | Experimental: mouse model of MI in HATmut p300-Tg mice | (Miyamoto et al., 2006) |
| SUV39H, SIRT1 | SUV39H upregulation and SIRT1 downregulation | H9C2 cells primary rat neonatal ventricular myocytes | Experimental: mouse model of MI in SUV39H−/− mice | (Yang et al., 2017a) | |
| HDAC4 | Overexpression | Myocardium | Experimental: mouse model of MI in MHC-HDAC4-Tg mice | (Zhang et al., 2018b) | |
| HDAC6 | Higher levels | Myocardium | Experimental: rat model of MI | (Nagata et al., 2019) | |
| miRNA | miR-1 | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Ai et al., 2010) |
| miR-31, miR-126, miR-214, miR-499-5p | miR-31, miR-214: upregulation; miR-126, miR-499-5p: downregulation | Myocardium | Experimental: rat model of MI | (Shi et al., 2010) | |
| miR-499 | Higher levels | Tissues and plasma | Clinical | (Adachi et al., 2010) | |
| miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-499-5p, miR-122, miR-375 | miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-499-5p: upregulation; miR-122, miR-375: downregulation | Plasma | Clinical and experimental: mouse model of MI | (D’Alessandra et al., 2010) | |
| miR-1, miR-126 | miR-1: increased; miR-126: decreased | Plasma | Clinical | (Long et al., 2012a) | |
| miR-133a | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Eitel et al., 2012) | |
| miR-30a, miR-195, let-7b | miR-30a, miR-195: increased; let-7: decreased | Plasma | Clinical | (Long et al., 2012b) | |
| miR-499-5p | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Olivieri et al., 2013) | |
| miR-1, miR-133a, miR-208b, miR-499 | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Li et al., 2013) | |
| miR-150 | Downregulation | plasma | Clinical | (Devaux et al., 2013) | |
| miR-133a | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Wang et al., 2013a) | |
| miR-21-5p, miR-361-5p, miR-519e-5p | miR-21-5p, miR-361-5p: increased; miR-519e-5p: reduced | Plasma | Clinical | (Wang et al., 2014b) | |
| miR-208a, miR-499 | Higher levels in serum; miR-499: lower levels in scar, miR-208a: unchanged in scar | Serum and heart tissues | Experimental: mouse model of MI | (Xiao et al., 2014) | |
| miR-208b, miR-34a | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Lv et al., 2014) | |
| miR-328, miR-134 | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (He et al., 2014) | |
| miR-133, miR-1291, miR-663b | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Peng et al., 2014) | |
| miR-497 | Upregulation | Plasma | Clinical | (Li et al., 2014b) | |
| miR-1 | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Li et al., 2014a) | |
| miR-19a | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Zhong et al., 2014) | |
| miR-486-3p, miR-150-3p, miR-126-3p, miR-26a-5p, and miR-191-5p | miR-486-3p, miR-150-3p: upregulation; miR-126-3p, miR-26a-5p, miR-191-5p: downregulation | Serum | Clinical | (Hsu et al., 2014) | |
| miR-145 | Higher levels | Serum | Clinical | (Dong et al., 2015) | |
| hsa-miR-493-5p, hsa-miR-369-3p, hsa-miR-495, hsa-miR-3615, hsa-miR-433, hsa-miR-877-3p, hsa-miR-1306-3p, hsv1-miR-H2, hsa-miR-3130-5p, hcmv-miR-UL22A | hsa-miR-493-5p, hsa-miR-369-3p, hsa-miR-495, hsa-miR-3615, hsa-miR-433: upregulation, hsa-miR-877-3p, hsa-miR-1306-3p, hsv1-miR-H2, hsa-miR-3130-5p, hcmv-miR-UL22A: downregulation | Plasma | Clinical | (Liang et al., 2015) | |
| miR-499 | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Zhang et al., 2015b) | |
| miR-486, miR-150 | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Zhang et al., 2015c) | |
| miR-499 | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Chen et al., 2015b) | |
| miR-146a, miR-21 | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Liu et al., 2015a) | |
| miR-1, miR-208, miR-499 | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Liu et al., 2015b) | |
| miR-208a | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Białek et al., 2015) | |
| miR-208 | Overexpression | Plasma | Clinical | (Han et al., 2015) | |
| miR-122-5p | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Yao et al., 2015) | |
| miR-21 | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Zhang et al., 2016) | |
| miR-99a | Downregulation | Plasma | Clinical | (Yang et al., 2016a) | |
| miR-19b-3p, miR-134-5p and miR-186-5p | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Wang et al., 2016b) | |
| miR-106a-5p, miR-424-5p, let-7g-5p, miR-144-3p, miR-660-5p | Higher levels | Blood | Clinical | (Bye et al., 2016) | |
| miR-19b-3p, miR-134-5p and miR-186-5p | Overexpression | Plasma | Clinical | (Wang et al., 2016b) | |
| miR-125b-5p, miR-30d-5p | Overexpression | Plasma | Clinical | (Jia et al., 2016) | |
| miR-423-5p, miR-30d | Overexpression | Plasma | Clinical | (Eryılmaz et al., 2016) | |
| miR-221-3p | Overexpression | Plasma | Clinical | (Coskunpinar et al., 2016) | |
| miR-208a | Overexpression in myocardium and high levels in serum | Myocardium and serum | Experimental: rat model of MI | (Feng et al., 2016) | |
| miR-133b, miR-22-5p | Upregulation | Serum/plasma | Clinical | (Maciejak et al., 2016) | |
| miR-103a | Higher levels in plasma | Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells | Clinical and experimental: in vitro | (Huang et al., 2016a) | |
| miR-122-5p/133b | High ratio | Serum | Clinical | (Cortez-Dias et al., 2016) | |
| miR499a-5p | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (O’Sullivan et al., 2016) | |
| miR-181a | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Zhu et al., 2016) | |
| miR-145 | Decreased | Plasma | Clinical | (Zhang et al., 2017b) | |
| miR-133a | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Yuan et al., 2016) | |
| miR-208b | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Liu et al., 2017) | |
| miR-1, miR-92a, miR-99a, miR-143, miR-223 | miR-143: increased; miR-1, miR-92a, miR-99a, miR-223: decreased | Monocytes | Clinical | (Parahuleva et al., 2017) | |
| miR-92a | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Zhang et al., 2017c) | |
| miR-208b | Overexpression | Plasma | Clinical | (Zhang and Xie, 2017) | |
| miR-124 | Higher levels | Peripheral blood | Clinical | (Guo et al., 2017) | |
| miR-1, miR-21, miR-29b and miR-92a | miR-1, miR-21, miR-29b: increased | Plasma | Clinical | (Grabmaier et al., 2017) | |
| miR-874-3p | Downregulation | Plasma | Clinical | (Yan et al., 2017) | |
| pmiR-126 | Lower levels | Platelet | Clinical | (Li et al., 2017b) | |
| miR-133a | Lower levels | Serum/Plasma | Clinical | (Zhu et al., 2018) | |
| miR-21 | Upregulation | Serum | Clinical | (Wang et al., 2017b) | |
| miR-4478 | Higher levels | Serum | Clinical | (Gholikhani-Darbroud et al., 2017) | |
| miR-23b | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Zhang et al., 2018a) | |
| MiR-27a, miR-31, miR-1291, miR-139-5p, miR-204, miR-375 | Higher levels | GEO database | High throughput | (Wu et al., 2018a) | |
| miR-1, miR-133a, miR-34a | Lower levels | Myocardium | Experimental: mouse model of MI | (Qipshidze Kelm et al., 2018) | |
| miR-19b, miR-223, miR-483-5p | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Li et al., 2019) | |
| miR-17-5p, miR-126-5p, miR-145-3p | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Xue et al., 2019) | |
| miR-150 | Lower levels | Serum | Clinical | (Lin et al., 2019) | |
| miR-208b, miR-499 | Higher levels | Plasma | Clinical | (Devaux et al., 2012) |