Figure 1.

A, Experimental paradigm. Each trial started with a cue indicating the beginning of the trial. On 80% of the trials, participants were presented with dynamic noise alone; on the remaining 20%, a Gabor pattern at detection threshold was embedded in the noise. Participants performed a detection task and were then asked to provide a confidence judgment about their answer. Crucially, participants were informed that Gabor orientation was constant within a block, promoting the formation of orientation-specific stimulus expectation. B, Mean proportion of correct (CRs and hits) and incorrect (FAs and misses) responses within signal absent (left) and signal present (right) trials. Error bars indicate SEM. Numbers above bars indicate the median number of trials across participants.